Classroom Shortage Essay

Introduction This is an often problem of most high schools. The numbers of students become bigger while the numbers of classrooms are still the same. Due to this situation, some students at the back are having some difficulties, they cannot concentrate to the discussion on that the teacher had prepared because they barely hear the lessons. The teachers also are having a tough time in balance provision of all students so that some of the students could not relate to the topic. Most of the times, especially during afternoon, students are suffering from a hot weather because our school also needs to enhance proper ventilations. Due to this problem, students can’t focus in the lesson because sometimes they feel irritated. They are not able to learn in a congested classroom. Some of the students and teachers are pushed to study in the covered court or sometimes in the stage, because of this, they cannot concentrate to the discussion because they are distracted by the students who passed by and who makes noises. And it is also the cause why students do not attend their class and just spent their time in the canteen. As we all know because of the classroom shortage, our schedule is not well fixed. Pointing on this situation is a problem we need to take action. They lose the chance of the students to study comfortably without distractions and hindrances. We may get the high quality of education if they will provide more classrooms to accommodate new students coming from other schools.

Georgia’s Water Supply Essay

Over the years, Georgia’s water resources have been abundant. Without appropriate foresight, there is now a serious water crisis that Georgians are facing. Coming up with solid solutions is urgently needed and are being discussed. One of these is desalination — process of taking salt water and converting it to fresh water. There are several problems with this. One is that since the ocean’s supply is tremendous, it could discourage water conservation. Also, this could tremendously hurt coastal habitats. Another dilemma is that it is expensive. It costs $3 to produce 1,000 gallons of desalinated water, compared to $1. 25 for surface water and $. 50 for groundwater. A big budget would be needed and where it will come from is also a determining factor. Another solution currently in use on a much smaller scale during drought seasons, is interbasin water transfers — removal of water from a plentiful river basin and releasing it into a basin in need. A highly emotional solution since every city/county wants to maintain control over its own natural water supply. For example: when Augusta was asked about sharing its water with Atlanta, the answer was â€Å"no way. † If Augusta is unwilling to help Atlanta, then it will be a challenge to work out a solution with Tennessee, Alabama or Florida. Without the cooperation of needed parties, this would not be feasible and would not serve its main goal in the long run. A third solution is conservation. Its implementation is the main problem of not being embraced by many local jurisdictions, like in North Georgia’s water planning district. Also, Atlanta has relied on interbasin transfers. Not only is the survival during Georgia’s water crisis dependent on solutions, but implementation of them and adherence with complete participation by every community member is badly required.

Earning management and cookie jar Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Earning management and cookie jar - Coursework Example There are various business ethics as well as rules and regulations, which are compulsorily to be followed by every business organization. Many of these rules aim to protect the interest of the customers. Any trade practice that is against the ethics, will lead to legal proceedings and penalties. As per the various sections under the Consumer Protection Act, these entities can be punished if they breach any laws and bring harm to the customers. Earnings management can be defined as â€Å"a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process, with the intent of obtaining some private gain†. (Earnings Management Incentive and Techniques, n.d) Instead of doing business in a proper and sincere way, sometimes the management team may be forced to carry out business illegally due to various reasons. This is due to the fact that human beings are always keen on finding shortcuts for every task and, therefore, they always prefer these types of extreme earning management techniques. The common extra earning techniques followed are â€Å"cookie jar reserve technique, big bath techniques, big bet on the future technique, flushing,† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d) stuffing the channel etc. In cookie jar reserve, the accounting rule GAAP is not followed properly. Here the profits made in the current year are used to cover for losses made in some other year, in order to ensure the profitability of the firm by meeting its margin. Big bath is used by companies when stiff competition arises, the company will plan on â€Å"restructuring† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d.) the existing system and policies. Then, instead of recording the cost of such changes made in the organization, this loss is â€Å"reported as a non-recurring charge against income† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d.). This is done for the purpose of maintaining the market

Engineering Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering Strategy - Essay Example New product introduction strategies play a vital role in the success or failure of a new product in the market (Schneider & Yocum, 2004: 15). The Rover 75 was produced by the British automobile manufacturers, the Rover Group and the MG Rover. This model of vehicles was produced from 1998 to 2005. The compact executive car was introduced to the public in 1998 Birmingham Motor Show and the sales began in February 1999. Notably, it was the first rover to be sold in North America. As the vehicle was being introduced to the public, the manufacturers aimed at establishing a larger and more profitable market compared to the existing BMW series that were already a favorite to many. They had this factor in mind even during production and they had to make a car that was far much better than the BMW series. During the launch of the Rover 75, there was a speech that was meant at demeaning to financial standing of the British government to support the production of the Rover 75. The public took this to mean that the vehicle was substandard and would not match up to the BMW series. This thought definitely scared off many potential buyers and the manufacturers had to come up with better strategies to market their product (Jex, 2006: 98). The first introduction strategy they devised was introducing the model to the staff of the manufacturing company. These would be the immediate people who would get first-hand experience in what the car had to offer. From there, the staff and members of their family would extend information on the experience to those around them. This strategy worked as the car was soon embraced by the staff, their families and friends who created a good base for the market. The embrace that the Rover 75 got from this people eventually spilled over to the rest of the country and British as well. As early as 2000, the company recorded tremendous increase in sales

Strategic Management - Understanding a model Essay

Strategic Management - Understanding a model - Essay Example Strategy has, therefore, been defined as a unifying theme bringing coherence and direction to the organization towards its goals (Grant, 2010). These goals have expanded beyond the traditional realm of profit maximization towards economic value creation, disruptive innovation or techniques as well as considering the social and environmental impact of firms’ activities. Strategy, therefore, aligns stakeholders (shareholders, investors, personnel, suppliers, etc) with respect to organizational goals and facilitates their attainment. 1.2 Porter’s five forces model- History The figure (see Appendix 1) shows that, in the 1950’s and 1960’s, strategic management was focused on corporate planning and growth along with tighter financial controls and budgeting (Grant, 2010). Medium-term horizons, including 5-year plans, were set and used to develop macro-economic forecasts (Grant, 2010). The market players were relatively independent and were governed primarily by t he macro-economic forces, with little regard to the strategy of other players. The 70’s, with the internationalization of economy and events such as surge in oil prices further emphasized macro-economic volatility (Grant, 2010). Strategists approached a more granular level of analysis to find the best direction for the firm. Porter’s model of the Five Forces highlighted the economic implications on industry structure which put knowledge-based innovation and strategy at the forefront (Ryall, 2013). The model goes beyond the traditional â€Å"narrowly† defined view of competition as competing merely for profits to encompass other competitive forces such as suppliers, buyers, substitutes and threat of new entrants in the market (Porter, 2008). The model provides insight into the competitiveness of an industry, demonstrating that not all industries are equally profitable (see Appendix 2). It is rooted in the notion of creating and maintaining a competitive advantage (Nilsson & Rapp, 2005). Though (corporate) planning remains part of strategic design, the Five Forces model places this exercise in a more realistic industry-specific context. 1.2.2 Porter’s Five Forces Model - Definition 1.2.2.1 New Entrants It is important to consider that the threat of new entrants will depend on barriers to entry, and even barriers to exit as well as the reaction from incumbents. The theory identifies typical barriers to entry as: i. Economies of scale which result in lower production costs for already established players owing to their large volumes. ii. Significant investment is required for differentiation to override customer loyalty towards already established brands. iii. Capital requirement to build the business (plants, facilities, R&D efforts etc.) or equivalent acquisition of an existing business. iv. Experience in the business as well as patent protection provides a cost advantage to incumbents v. Regulations and laws prescribing business poli cies that impact costs or result in delay to enter the market (Henry, 2008). Furthermore, the reaction of incumbents creates additional threat to the shares of newcomers. i. Retaliation ii. Slow growth of industry or over-capacity: The lack of capacity may make it difficult to absorb new entrants. This can occur in several phases of an industry’s cycle. iii. The price conditions must enable the newcomer to be profitable. In this case, the total costs of entry should be lower than the market price

Strengths, Weaknesses and Strategies for Sugar Bowl Essay

Strengths, Weaknesses and Strategies for Sugar Bowl - Essay Example Sugar Bowl can effectively take maximum advantage of this student presence in order to increase their visitation to the business especially on some of the slow nights (Hamermesh and Zalosh, 9). Additionally, it is important to realize that since its opening, Sugar Bowl has been experiencing slow growth, having been in the industry for only one year; generally, restaurants and bars often take close to five years in experiencing solvency. Sugar Bowl boasts of a good target market that comprises of many graduate students and young professionals who will enhance its growth and success. Some of the goals regarding the operations of Sugar Bowl include an inability to retain some of its competent sales staff. This means that the company is often left with the option of having its unused capacity being supplemented by other outside workers. Additionally, the company has a problem with compensating its staff in order to elicit maximum support from them. In improving the compensation criteria, the company can be in a better position to enhance their staff morale while reducing the high turnover that it faces. Additionally, the company has high training costs and theft cases, which are said to be emerging from within. Through such activities as effective staff training and motivation, the company will enhance its success and performance, something that will aid in its achievement of goals and objectives. Through effective staff empowerment initiatives, Sugar Bowl will experience reduced daily operations for its management teams (Hamermesh and Zalosh, 10). The company’s inability to predict its sales revenue in the most effective way has also been a major weakness in its growth prospects. Some of the opportunities that Sugar Bowl is facing in its growth and success are largely depended on the need to capture new markets presented by the target marketing, who are students and other young people generated by the universities available in this area.

The Cultural Perspectives and Values of Russia and Germany Assignment

The Cultural Perspectives and Values of Russia and Germany - Assignment Example In terms of individualism, Russia scored low while Germany scored high. This means that Germany believes in self-actualization while Russia believes in friendship and cooperation with neighbors and relatives. Russia also scored low on masculinity while Germany scored high. In this case, Germany values performance while Russia is concerned with the quality of life. The scores of Russia and Germany in terms of uncertainty avoidance were high; this indicates that both countries do not like ambiguous situations. The two countries also have a highly pragmatic mindset in which people believe that truth highly depends on context, time and situation. Lastly, the scores of the two countries in terms of indulgence were low, meaning that their cultures are restrained in nature. The Trompennar’s model is similar to the Hofstede’s mode; in many ways. Universalism versus particularism dimension of the Trompennar’s model is similar to the Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism. Therefore, Russia scored high on this dimension while Germany scored low. The Trompennar’s dimensions of achievement-ascription, neutral-affective, and specific-diffuse are similar to the power distance dimension of Hofstede’s model. This means that Russia scored high in these dimensions while Germany scored low. In terms of Hall’s theory, Russia has been considered as a high-context culture while Germany is a low-context culture. Diversity in the workplace and organizational culture also affect expatriate’s work because people are likely to face problems of gender, marital status, conversations at the workplace, use of non-verbal communication in both Germany and Russia. Furthermore, expatriates should consider the negotiation styles of the two countries. This report, therefore, focuses on dimensions of culture, workplace diversity, communication and negotiation styles of the two countries.

Classification and Division of Tae Kwon Do Essay - 1

Classification and Division of Tae Kwon Do - Essay Example Officially, there are a number of categories in the events of the WTF (World Tae Kwon Do Federation). These are the following: 1. WTF-promoted competitions 2. Championships promoted by Regional Taekwondo Unions of the WTF in 4 continents 3. International Competitions promoted by international sport organizations, and 4. Other international WTF-approved competitions 1. WTF-promoted competitions a. World Taekwondo Championships b. Women’s World Taekwondo Championships c. World Taekwondo Championships d. World Taekwondo Poomsae Champioships 2. Regional Taekwondo Unions Championships (Regional Junior Taekwondo Championships a. Asian Taekwondo Championships b. European Taekwondo Championships c. Pan American Taekwondo Championships d. African Taekwondo Championships 3. International Sport Organizations-promoted competitions (CISM, FISU, and continental or regional sport organizations) a. World Military Championships b. World University Taekwondo Championships 4. Other International Taekwondo Competitions WTF-approved with the request of the Organizing Committee in agreement with the related rules of the WTF (WTF.org).

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Assessment - Essay Example The purpose of assignment is to make the learners execute the skills learned in the class on a particular case assigned to them by the teacher. Assignments may be individual or be group assignments depending upon the complexity of the tasks and the resources required to achieve them. Group projects are usually more complicated tasks that are achieved by the students in supervision of the teacher. Class tests and final exam are part of the process and they tend to assess the skills gained by the learners till those respective points in time. I would use quizzes, viva, and individual assignments to develop the skills of my learners individually and use group projects to develop their interpersonal skills. â€Å"The primary goal is to choose a method which most effectively assesses the objectives of the unit of study† (Oxford Brookes University, 2011). In these group projects, learners will be expected to learn about the various types of health and beauty salons, the different kinds of beauty treatments that these salons offer, and the services of hairdressing in the form of a completed advertisement poster, booklet, or worksheet. The strength of quizzes is that they encourage students to pay attention to the lecture all the time. The limitation is that students require close supervision for the assessment to be fair. The strength of assignments is that they provide the learners with an opportunity to demonstrate their skills individually on a particular case. The limitation is that students may copy one another’s work especially when the same assignment has been given to all. Group projects may be used to develop interpersonal skills in the learners so that they are able to work in the professional life as part of a team. Coordination among the workers in a health and beauty salon is very important because many clients are delivered services by a group of professional workers, some doing the hair while others applying

The individuals with dsabilities education Act Essay Example for Free

The individuals with dsabilities education Act Essay Laws and Practices The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 1975), was originally called The Education of Handicapped Children Act. The act is a work in progress. It has been amended several times, including a major revision in 1997. This Federal law attempts to insure access to effective public education for people with a variety of disabilities. School personnel must become well versed with the Act, knowing what actions to take at each specific stage of a student’s development. Legal guidelines also apply to student’s referrals to special services. As times change, research surfaces, and issues arise, the act has been amended. Ensuring adequate funding for compliance with the act is always a challenge. It is often the focus of changes to the law. The law now extends to the time prior to the students enrollment in special education. Pre-Referral Interventions In the 1997 IDEA bill, parents were conferred the right to refuse an evaluation of their child for possible eligibility for special services. Mediation is provided in case of such an event. If the student opts for this evaluation a specific set of requirements apply. A multi-disciplinary team should be assembled early in the student’s educational process. The team may include administrators, guidance counselors, and special and general education teachers. Also members of the community who work with the student and experts in the particular disability may be included. This team may choose one of several decision making models to arrive at a strategy. Environmental and individual personality factors are assessed and attempts may be made to modify the students learning environment. The underlying assumption is that the student, whenever possible, should remain on a general education track. If the process results in a referral, a team familiar with the student will already be in place. Once that referral is made, the IDEA legislation provides the means to ensure that the rights of the individual are upheld. Six Key Components First, the IDEA legislation proposes that access to free appropriate public education (FAPE) is a right for individuals with disabilities. The method of education is unique to the needs of each individual learner. This is the theoretical underpinning for all the IDEA laws. If a child receives a pre-referral intervention or is referred to special education, the parents will not be subject to any additional fees in excess of those for other students. â€Å"Public† means that the public schools are required to educate all students, and adhere to federal requirements regarding education. Secondly, the act requires that all disabled students are evaluated effectively. Information about the student should be gathered from a number of sources then used in the development of the student’s learning plan. This information will also be used to determine which services the student is eligible for. During this stage, a diverse, knowledgeable team of professionals is developed to help the student’s progress. Thirdly, IDEA provides for the development of the Individualized Education Program (IEP). This is a written document that provides a road map for the student’s educational progress. A detailed Individualized Education Program (IEP) must be developed for each student. This should occur in short order after the student is referred and evaluated. The act stipulates what information is used in writing the IEP, who writes it, and what the school is obligated to do for the student. The IEP must be consulted, and may be amended, during the placement process. Fourth, IDEA states the principle of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). Placement in classrooms must be in the best interest of the student. If this means that classrooms need to be modified in some way, it must be done unless it is to the detriment of the other students. The disabled student, as much as possible, must be included in the general education classroom. Providing assistance in order to do this is preferable to assigning the student to a special education classroom. If this is not feasible, there still should be a range of options available to foster as much inclusion as possible. Fifth, IDEA states the importance of parental involvement in decision making. The parent has the right to participate in any meetings concerning the student’s education. IDEA proposes that the process of educating the student is a partnership between that student, his or her parents, and the public schools. Parents are always an equal partner and are critical to the ultimate success of the student. This team will help determine placement for the student through a number of means, including norm referenced and criterion referenced tests. Since the student’s capabilities and potential eligibility for services are being assessed, these tests must be carefully chosen and peer reviewed. The presence of a parent or guardian should never be seen as a hindrance. This presence can only help the process for all involved. Finally, the sixth provision of the IDEA legislation imposes procedural safeguards to ensure the rights of all involved. Full disclosure of the factors leading to any school decision regarding the disabled student must be made to his or her parents. A mediation process is provided to resolve any disagreements that may arise. The six principles of IDEA are designed to ensure educational access from the time of first assessment until well after the special education program is exited. As times change, the IDEA law has been modified in a number of ways. Related Laws PL 99-457 (1986) – These amendments to IDEA provided for the creation of an individualized family service plan (IFSP) for each family served. It extended provisions of PL 94-142 (Free Appropriate Public Education) to preschool aged children. PL 101-476 – The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 mandated that the least restrictive environment (LRE) be provided to physically challenged vocational students. This act changed the term â€Å"handicapped† to â€Å"disabled† (U.S. Dept of Education, 2003). More people were covered as a result. The FAPE principle is stated again in this act, along with the requirements for an IEP and associated services. Assisted technology is now included as one of the associated services. Laws applying to inclusion and providing the least restrictive placement for the learner were reinforced. Much needed additional funding for early intervention services was provided. Finally, the act requires that each learner’s IEP must have a plan for transition to employment included by the age of 16. PL 105-17 (1997) – This law was a major revision to the original IDEA legislation. Disciplining special education students can be a thorny issue. In the past, many forms of classroom discipline risked violating IDEA laws. This issue was addressed in greater detain in this amendment. An amendment that would have eliminated the requirement to provide certain services to students who have been suspended was not included in the final bill. In addition to the IEP, the student’s educational team must also conduct functional behavioral assessments. A behavioral intervention plan must be developed, reviewed, and amended as necessary. The IEP itself must be more specifically tied in to general education requirements than in the past. Special education is to be de-emphasized and modified mainstreaming will be emphasized. For students with disciplinary problems that affect the learning of others, The IEP team must devise a strategy for behavioral management. For students who commit particularly dangerous acts, the team may impose a longer suspension or removal to an alternative setting. However, the team is also required to make a ruling, using accepted procedures, whether the behavior of the student was a function of his or her disability. (U. S. Dept. of Education, 2003). The behavioral management plan is then reevaluated from that perspective. HR 1350 IDEA Reauthorization (2004) – This reauthorization addresses financial issues as well as making several revisions to previously instituted policies. A risk pool was established to help offset state costs for students whose educational costs are particularly expensive. Full funding is not guaranteed by this act, but a gradual process leading to that goal was instituted. This bill sets additional standards for teacher certification. Overall performance goals are outlined and certification goals are established. Mandatory performance data will be gathered. A particular focus of this bill is to use this information to determine if there is a disproportionate enrollment of minority students in special education. The bill also makes further requirements for the IEP. Goal statements must include functional as well as academic goals. Provisions for IEP transfer between states are made. For students exiting special education, the bill requires the development of an educational summary along with recommendations for further education or entry to a career (Apling, 2002). IDEA in Practice Under the 1997 revision, general education teachers will become more involved in the education of those with disabilities. They will help in developing the student’s IEP, in addition to helping create the least restrictive environment (LRE) for the student to participate with regular classes. The IDEA legislation is recognition that the cookie cutter approach to education is often not effective. This is particularly true for those who have disabilities. At the same time, it proposes a great many regulations that educators must adhere to. However, these regulations should be seen as a helpful tool for guiding the disabled student toward the best possible educational experience. IDEA recognizes that not only do these students have the same right to a public education as anyone else, but that it is also in the best interest of society to provide that education.Sources Apling, Richard Jones, Nancy Lee. (2002). â€Å"The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Overview of Major Provisions†. Washington D. C. : The Congressional Research Service. Francis, Leslie P. Silvers, Anita. (2000). Americans with Disabilities: exploring implications of the law for individuals and institutions. New York: Routledge. U. S. Dept. of Education. (2003). â€Å"An overview of the bill to provide a broad understanding of some of the changes in IDEA ‘97†. Accessed 12/17/2006. Available from: http://www. ed. gov/offices/OSERS/Policy/IDEA/overview. htm.

Public Perceptions About the Concept of Medication Reuse

Public Perceptions About the Concept of Medication Reuse Medication wastes: The public perceptions about the concept of medication reuse Chapter one 1. Introduction 1.1 Background, definitions, and classification of medical wastes There is a growing environmental realisation in the last few years, it is recognisable that the worlds environmental carbon emissions, and global warming problems are increasing. Many organisations work to apply green principles of health care programs in their way for going green (Xie, 2012). In the UK, the Centre for Sustainable Healthcare (CSH) the institution which was developed in 2008 to help NHS reduce carbon liberations and emissions by 80% by 2050 by involving health care professionals, patients, and the community clarifying the connections between environment and health care system (Stancliffe, 2014). Waste is defined by European Union Waste Framework Directive (2008), as any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. All wastes created by medical activities falls under health care wastes. The Royal College of Nursing (RCN) report and the World Health Organisation (WHO) described health care wastes as all wastes produced by research facilities, laboratories, and organisations providing health and social care. Moreover, it involves the waste originating from small or sprinkled sources such as that generated in the health course and social care started at home such as dialysis, insulin injections, bandages, swabs, sharps, blood, medicines and incontinence pads (RCN, 2014 and WHO, 2011). Between (80) % of the waste produced by health-care providers is considered non-risk or general health-care waste, while the remaining (20) % of healthcare waste is considered as hazardous that maybe may be infectious, toxic or radioactive and may create a diversity of health risks. Health-care waste consists of possibly dangerous microorganisms with potential infectious risks such as development of microorganisms resistant to medication from health-care institution into the environment, and can infect patients, healthcare suppliers and the public. WHO classified the hazardous health care waste into (Appendix 1): infectious waste, pathological waste, sharps waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical waste, heavy metals wastes and the radioactive waste. Pharmaceutical waste is waste containing pharmaceutical that are expired, or no longer used; items polluted by or including pharmaceuticals (WHO, 2011). Usually not all the medications dispensed to the patients will be used, this is mainly due to many factors such as adverse drug reaction intolerance, relief of symptoms, changing the dose/dosage forms, medicine non-compliance and/or non-adherence issues and medicine being expired (Dharmender, 2013). Pharmaceutical waste is defined by UK Department of health (2013), as expired, unused, spilt, and contaminated medicinal products, drugs, vaccines and sera that are no longer required and need to be disposed of appropriately; and/ or discarded items contaminated with medicinal, such as bottles or boxes with residues, gloves, masks, connecting tubing, syringe bodies and drug vials. Abou-auda HS (2003), defined medication wastage as any medication or drug product that had been dispensed by a prescription or buy over the counter (OTC) which is not fully consumed. Chapter two 2. Literature review 2.1 causes of medication wastage Drugs are wasted when dispensed to patients who are not taken them. In order to minimise the wastage of medications, it is important to investigate the causes behind medicines being returned, unused, and wasted by the patients. A review of the possible factors evidenced to potentially cause medication waste was conducted to summarise the most important causes of medicine returned unused. 2.1.1 Patient death Medications being returned unused by the patients resulting from patient death was reported in six studies. Mackridge et al. (2007), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to fifty one community pharmacies and forty two general practitioner surgeries in Eastern Birmingham (UK) over eight weeks, Cameron (1996), a self-reporting questionnaire study in 58 community pharmacies in Alberta (Canada) over eight weeks, and Ekedahl (2006), a cross sectional study included fifty nine community pharmacies in Sweden reported that patient death was the most common cause of medication waste. In the study by Langley et al. (2005), a small cross sectional observational study in eight community pharmacies and five general practitioner surgeries in East Birmingham/UK over four weeks, patient death was the second most common cause of returned unused medicines by the patients. Data from Cook A (1996), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to seventeen community pharmacies over one month in UK, Hawksworth et al. (1996), a cross sectional study of returned medicines included thirty community pharmacies in UK, Coma et al. (2008), a cross sectional study of returned medicines to 38 community pharmacies over three months showed that patient death was reported but accounted only for about quarter of all returned unused medicines. 2.1.2 Medication changed or discontinued There is a proof in the literature that changing medications is a considerable cause of medication returned unused by the patients, it is reported as a common cause of medication waste (Cameron 1996, Cook 1996, Hawksworth et al. 1996, Morgan 2001, Daniszewsi et al.2002, Langley et al. 2005, Abahussain et al. 2006, Ekedahl 2006, Mackridge et al. 2007, Braund et al. 2008, Coma et al. 2008, Braund and Gn et al. 2009, Braund and Peake et al. 2009, James et al. 2009). Data from (Hawksworth et al. 1996, Daniszewsi et al.2002, Langley et al. 2005, Abahussain et al. 2006, Braund et al. 2008), found that changing medications was the most common reported cause of medication being wasted. 2.1.3 Medication Expired 2.2 The environmental impact of unused wasted returned medications The toxic ecological effects of the pharmaceutical presence in the environment was studied and evaluated in the last few years. Data from Heberer (2002) and Woodhouse (2003), confirm the presence of pharmaceuticals in water and considered it serious, as it is not totally removed and even if it is present in trace levels is still considered pollutant to water receivers. The improper household disposal practices of unused medicines, via the local waste, the sewers, and the toilet was identified, as a source of water contamination (Bound, 2006). The effect of pharmaceutical wastes in the environment was linked to possible development of endocrine deactivating compounds, reducing fertility, and antibiotic resistance bacteria. Data from Schwartz et al. (2003), confirmed the development of bacterial resistance as vancomycin resistant enterococci and beta-lactam-hydrolysing Enterobacteriaceae were cultivated from all wastewater biofilms. In the study by Lange et al. (2001), the ‘’feminising effects’’ of endocrine-disrupting compounds, such as ethinyl estradiol, the synthetic hormone used in the contraceptive pill, on fish near wastewater treatment works outfalls was measured. 2.3 The economic impact of unused wasted returned medicine Studies from inside (five) and outside (six) UK, estimated the value of the cost of medication waste are reviewed below. Results from Hawksworth et al. (1996), a cross sectional study included thirty community pharmacies in Kirklees/West Yorkshire (UK) over a period of one month showed an estimated cost of  £37 million of unused medicine were from patients home. Langley et al. (2005), a small cross sectional observational study in eight community pharmacies and five general practitioner surgeries in East Birmingham/UK over four weeks, showed that the total cost of returned medicines was  £3986 and  £3751 respectively. In the study by Mackridge et al. (2007), a cross sectional study reported an estimate of  £75 million value of returned medicines to fifty one community pharmacies and forty two general practitioner surgeries in Eastern Birmingham over eight weeks. In the same year, the UK National Audit Office report, proposed that each year an estimate of  £100 million value of unused returned medicine. As the  £100 million estimate was based on unused medicine that actually returned, this was considered as an underrated figure of the full cost of wasted medicines, as a result the department of health estimated that as much as 10% of all drugs prescribed were wasted (10% of the NHS prescribing budget) which is estimated to be  £800 million-worth of drugs are wasted annually in primary care. Data from Trueman et al. (2010), a research undertaken by the York Health Economics Consortium and London School of Pharmacy in 2009, estimated that the annual cost of the primary and community care medicines wastage in UK NHS was around  £300 million per year ( £ 250-300 million per year), with estimated  £90 million of unused medicines stored in individuals homes,  £110 million returned to community pharmacies over the course of a year, and up to  £50 million of NHS supplied medicines that are disposed of annually by care homes. The authors of this report also estimated that less than 50% of this total figure is cost effectively preventable. International studies from outside UK was also included and reviewed. A Canadian study by Cameron S (1996), in fifty eight pharmacies over eight weeks estimated the cost of unused medicines returned was $60350, the extrapolated cost which included the whole 750 community pharmacies in Alberta during the same eight weeks period was $716400. Coma et al. (2008), a cross sectional study included thirty eight community pharmacies in Barcelona/Spain over a period of three months, showed that the estimated cost of returned medicines was â‚ ¬8,539.9, the extrapolated cost for the 20,461 community pharmacies in whole Spain was a round â‚ ¬129 million. Although the reuse concept of patient’s unused returned medicines is considered unethical in the United Kingdome (UK), the unused medicines are returned in large quantities and have important financial value, with the preponderance considered acceptable to be used again by another patient (Mackridge, 2007). Table 1. Summary of research studies evaluating the economic impact of wasted medicine Study Study setting and duration Study method Country Main Findings Hawksworth et al. (1996) 30 CPs over duration of 1 month Cross sectional questionnaire UK A total of 1,091 items were returned by 366 patients with estimated value of  £37 million Langley et al. (2005) 8 CP and 5 GPs over duration of 4 weeks Cross sectional observational study UK A total of 340 items were returned (42 to GPs and 298 to CPs). The total cost of returned items was  £3986 to GPs and  £3751 CPs. Mackridge et al. (2007) 51 CPs and 42 GPs over duration of 8 weeks Cross sectional study UK A total of 3765 items were returned by 910 patients with estimated value of  £75 million UK National Audit Office report (2007) Based on previous analysis conducted by department of health Based on previous analysis conducted by department of health UK Proposed that each year an estimate of  £100 million value of unused returned medicine. Trueman et al. (2010) 403 of the 466 items identified in the public survey were able to be priced. Costs were identified /item using British National Formulary (BNF). Public survey UK Estimated that the annual cost of the primary and community care medicines wastage in UK NHS was around  £300 million per year ( £ 250-300 million per year). Cameron S (1996) 58 CPs in Alberta (8% of provincial total) over duration of 8 weeks Self-reporting questionnaire Canada The estimated cost of the unused medicines returned was $60350. The extrapolated cost for 750 CPs is in Alberta during the same 8 week period was $716400. Morgan (2001) Sample of 73 of Hampshire retirement community citizens aged 65 years or older. over duration of 7 months cross-sectional pilot survey/ Questionnaire US The total cost of 2078 wasted pills was US $ 2,011.00 with mean annual cost of wasted medication was $30.47/person (range = $0-$131.56). Individual costs were modest, but if $30/individual demonstrate a low estimate of average annual cost of waste, the US extrapolated cost was estimated to be not less than $1 billion per year. Abou-auda (2003) A total of 1641 households participated (1554 from Saudi Arabia, 87 from other countries) Questionnaire / Pilot study Saudi Arabia, and capital cities of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates U.A.E The estimated cost of unused medicines by families in Saudi Arabia capital cities of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates (U.A.E) was $150 million. Coma et al. (2008) 38 CPs over duration of 3 months Cross sectional questionnaire Spain The estimated cost of returned medicines was â‚ ¬8,539.9. The extrapolated cost for the 20,461 CPs in whole Spain was â‚ ¬129.6 million El-Hamamsy (2011) 20 CPs over duration of 1 month Questionnaire (Closed-ended questions used only) Cairo/Egypt The total wholesale price of returned drugs calculated at 10988.84 Egyptian pounds (around $1962.32 US) Hassali et al. (2012) Two parts: 1) Medicine wastage in the patients’ home. 2) Medicine wastage by the benefactor at the pharmacy desk. over duration of 6 months A descriptive study of two parts: 1) Prospective randomised community based trial. 2) Wasted medicines were collected from the patients who pass back the unwanted medicines to the pharmacy desk in the Hospital. Malaysia The total cost of the returned medications within 6 months was MYR 59,566.50 (Malaysian ringgit) with a monthly average of about MYR 9,927.75. the extrapolated cost for one year of the medications returned was MYR 119,133.00 Information from medication waste campaign website illustrated that the estimated cost of unused medication ( £300 million/year) could pay (by the average cost) for 11,778 more community nurses, 19,799 more drug treatment courses for breast cancer, 101,351 more knee replacements, 80,906 more hip replacements, and 300,000 more drug treatment courses for Alzheimers. In 2012 the NHS of Berkshire started major actions to reduce medicine waste, data from the NHS south central press release, showed that an estimate cost of wasted medicine across the Berkshire NHS and south central was  £20 million per year. The full cost of wasted medicine is not only the cost of returned medicines as estimated by the studies reviewed above (Table 1), in addition the cost of the destroying processes of the returned medicines, and the hidden costs of non-compliance/non-adherence effects which was not studied should be added to the full cost of wasted medicines in future research (UK National Audit Office Report, 2007). 2.4 Disposal practices for unused medications 2.5 Public perceptions about unused/wasted pharmaceuticals 2.6 Medication reuse and recycling A medicine reuse concept involves the return of unused and/or sealed medicines to a pharmacy, healthcare facility or charitable organisation for subsequent redistribution to recipients locally or internationally. This was implemented on a charitable basis in the United States of America (USA) and in developing countries which experienced poor medicine supply (Bero, 2010). Although such practice is considered unethical and not approved in UK, it may have environmental and economic advantages as many of these considered acceptable to be used again (Mackridge, 2007). Ipsos MORI conducted 1,101 face to face interviews for Sustainable Development Unit of the UK NHS (SDU) with respondents aged fifteen and more using around one hundred and fifty sample points. The research was carried out in two periods between the eleven of November and the fifth of December 2011. All data was weighed to reverberate the population profile of British people aged fifteen and more. Data from this recent survey reported that around half of the British people (52%) agreed to accept reissued medicines returned (that are unused and the safety was checked) by other patients while 32% said that they would not. According to Dr David Pencheon the director of sustainability unit, medicine reuse concept had been unaccepted in the past based on the assumption that patients are not willing to take the medicine returned by others. In healthcare system, the health care provider is always deviate strongly on the side of safety caution and discard medicines. For the time beings, the economics of this behaviour need to be reconsidered (Cooper, 2012). Chapter Three Research plan Ecological Impact Is medicine being wasted No Yes No Imagine that Mr. Smith who is ill with diabetes is prescribed four medications each month. He doesn’t pay for his medicines. He use all medicines as prescribed. Imagine that Mr. Smith who is ill with diabetes is prescribed four medications each month. He doesn’t pay for his medicines. He sometimes fails to take his medicines as prescribed. Yes Appendices Appendix 1 (WHO and RCN Definitions and classifications of health care wastes Infectious waste Waste contaminated by blood and its secondary products, cultures and supplies of infectious agents, waste come from isolated patients, any infected thrown away diagnostic samples with blood and body fluids, infected animals from laboratories, and contaminated swabs, bandages, and equipment such as disposable medical devices. Pathological waste Recognizable parts of the body and contaminated animal dead bodies. Genotoxic waste Very dangerous, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic, such as cytotoxic drugs and their metabolites. Pharmaceutical waste Expired, unused, and contaminated drugs; vaccines and sera Radioactive waste Such as contaminated glass materials with radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic materials. Heavy metals waste Such as broken mercury thermometers. Chemicals Such as broken mercury thermometers Sharps Such as syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades Hazardous or Non Hazardous waste Clinical waste if it contains or is contaminated with a medicine containing either: A pharmaceutically-active substance (a substance able to affect biological systems); or A dangerous substance such as chemicals at sufficient concentration to produce a hazardous property. Clinical or Non Clinical waste Hazardous if it contains or is contaminated with a cytotoxic or cytostatic medicine. Other medicines are not hazardous waste. Offensive waste or sometimes called hygiene waste) Is waste that is non-infectious and not clinical, but may cause offence due to the presence of recognisable health care waste materials, body fluids or odour, and secretions or excretions or that collection and disposal is not subject to special requirements in order to prevent infection. *Adapted from WHO fact sheet (2011), and RCN guidance (2014)

In Which Of The 13 English Colonies Would You Have Preferred To Live? :: Informative, Personal Experience

I would have preferred to live in Pennsylvania out of all the thirteen colonies. Pennsylvania was a very prosperous colony due to the fact that everyone had economic opportunity. Also, the people had civil liberty, allowing them to surpass the other colonies that had multiple restrictions. In addition, they had religious freedom unlike other colonies. Pennsylvania had many great features compared to the other colonies. In Pennsylvania, progress was made toward social reform. No provisions had been made in order to receive military defense. This colony promoted peace. Also, no restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy, making it easier for new immigrants to move there. Many people in the colony disliked the idea of black slavery. Therefore, all of the social characteristics made it easier for the citizens to grasp the concept that there was no need for contradictions in social status. There were many economic opportunities in Pennsylvania. The soil was fertile and there was plenty of land. Grain was a big export here and earned Pennsylvania the title as one of the "bread colonies". The water was also very clean, which helped to prevent diseases. The economic characteristics of Pennsylvania helped the economy to prosper. Due to the fact that Pennsylvania was liberal, it helped it in politics, religion, and with ethnic ties. Pennsylvania had a representative assembly, voted by landowners. The colonists had freedom of worship and a "no tax-supported church". The rich mix of ethnic groups helped the colonists learn more about other cultures and also helped to bring forth new traditions. Therefore, liberation helped gain strength in the political, religious, and ethnic ties in Pennsylvania.

The Omega Directive :: essays research papers

I was on my way into the ‘office’ and I saw the secretary; â€Å"Hey Cheryl.† â€Å"Hey Martin. Here, isn’t it the big day today?† she asked â€Å"Yep, she’s finally coming online.† I replied, with a bit of an excited tone in my voice â€Å"Christ! What is it with men always having to call things ‘she’?† Her voice had something of a viscous snap to it. â€Å"Hey, don’t blame me dear. I just work here don’t I?† She giggled. I like it when she giggles. It’s got a sweetness to it that, for some reason, most other women lacked. I smiled at her. â€Å"So†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..are you, going to let me in? Or shall I just stand all day looking at you, which I wouldn’t actually mind doing?† I heard a buzz and then a click at the door. â€Å"I’ll take that as a ‘yes’ then, shall I? Or are you just messing with my head?† â€Å"Go on, in, now! Or do I have to smack your rear end to get you in there?† She said. â€Å"Well, come on over here and try it baby!† I said to her with one great big cheesy grin on my face. â€Å"Oh you dirty man, you!† She said, sarcastically. We always were saying stuff like that in our own little way. It was†¦different. I’d never been like this with anyone else. It was always just us two. Then there would be a great booming voice from inside the ‘office’. â€Å"BRYSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! GET YOUR SCRAWNY ASS IN HERE, NOW!!!!!!!!!!† â€Å"Oh dear, General Solomon’s calling.† I said with some remorse. â€Å"Don’t you mean ‘great wind-bag of Alcatraz’?† She said. I laughed. That’s the nickname I’d given him when I had started at the Pentagon. He was supposedly an ex guard over on Alcatraz prison island†¦. supposedly. I crossed the threshold into a huge room. Dimly lit, only the centre table was illuminated. I could see the General’s face. â€Å"I told you not to be late. I watched you out there flirting with Cheryl, it’s not on. I’ve told you before to leave my daughter alone!† Everyone turned and looked at me. I couldn’t help but say:- â€Å"Who, me?† I got a warm laugh from everyone in the room. Except of course from Mr. Stern faced – lover’s father – who – hates – me. His emotionless face and piercing stare were enough to make anyone cower for fear of their lives. He always looked like he was going to attack you or something.

Essay --

HEALTHY EATING â€Å"Let your food be your medicine, and your medicine be your food.†- Hippocrates In order to be healthy, it is important to nourish your body with healthy foods. Not only does food create energy for your body to run optimally, but the food you ingest also affects your mood. First suggested by Hippocrates in the 4th century, the healing power of food was not further explored until the medieval ages when people started to discover how certain foods can alter their mood and temperance. Culinary textbooks dating back to this time described the relationships between food and mood. Written in medieval Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, and early English dialects, these textbooks described food items along with the good or bad effects that came from eating them (Prasad, 1998). Over the past century, immense progress has been made in researching the connection between the food we eat and brain structure, chemistry, and physiology affecting mood and performance. It is shown that foods directly influencing the brain neurotransmitter systems have the greatest effects on mood. The relationship between food and mood is very complex and depends on many factors, including the time of day, the composition of food, the amount of food, age, gender, dietary history, and circadian rhythms. However, we are able to draw some conclusions on how different foods generally affect our moods and brain chemistry. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulars are units of chemical communication within our nervous systems. Used by the brain and nerve cells to communicate with one another, neurotransmitters tell us information about our environment and control our moods (Challem, 2007). Without the correct amount and balance of neurotransmitters, the brain wil... ...en they hear spirituality, they are not necessarily synonyms. While the definition is different for everyone, the essence of spirituality is the search to know our real self in order to discover the true nature of consciousness. Developing spirituality can offer many emotional and physical benefits for you, including a more conscious knowledge of your own perception and personality. This is also called self-awareness. Self-awareness allows you to understand other people and your interactions with them. By developing self-awareness, you will be able to make changes in your thoughts in order to have more control over your own emotions. College can be a very stressful and trying time, but if you are persistent in putting your health first and implement some of the techniques we’ve discussed for stress reduction and healthy habits, you are bound to be successful.

Business, government and society Essay

Business, government and society – all 3 are inter-related with each other. Things remain unchanged for all companies. Robi is not different from that. Govt. is a system through which policies and rules are made and implemented for the society. Society is a network of human relation. Consumer of a product comes from the society and govt. is a part of total social system. Robi and other telephone operators company once decided that they will close the access of new company in the market. So they gave money to some powerful person of govt. So, now new comp can’t access in the telecom market. Robi’s consumer – who belongs to the society are confined in these old telecom companies. They are also disturbed over the government and Robi. That’s how Robi, govt. and society are inter-related. There are four models of BGS relationship: 1. Market Capitalism Model 3. Dominance Model 2. Dynamic Force Model 4. Stakeholders Model Robi stands in Dominance Model. Robi and other 4 companies are all of the telecom market. No new competitor can come here. Robi and other 4 companies with the help of government control the market. A company’s stakeholders are those who can affect and affected by the operations of that company. If it is done directly they are the internal stakeholders and if it is done indirectly they are the external stakeholders. Robi’s internal stakeholders are its Board of directors, Managers, Employees and all the people who have direct influence over the firm’s action. External stakeholders are Customer, Government, Potential buyers, Competitors etc. A Board of Directors of Robi can easily change its operations and if Robi losses he will be responsible for that. Robi changes its packages according to its customer choice, otherwise they will not use Robi. Business Environment of Robi: Every company has its own environment. There are two types of environment, external and internal. As the method Robi has the maximum control over its internal environment and has no or less control over its external environment. Now Robi needs to know the environment for its strategic planning and to create link with society. Its environment depends on their strength like technology, law, social responsibilities, government, and local competition over telecom business. Robi is a mobile operator in Bangladesh which concentrates on offering GSM communication services for private and corporate customer. Their intention is to promote the wireless lifestyle -the complete mobile society. And that is their mission. Their structure based on the services they provide like internet and mobile networks. And their resources are international server and national networking system through which their system process is running. Robi’s management includes their all employees, board of director, owners and key stakeholders etc. is maintaining the culture of this company. And these are inter-related to each other to make their internal environment. In the sense of environment, through better technologies than other telecom companies Robi try to attract more customers. Robi take care of all labor force and suppliers to create a link in society by abiding the government policy. And that’s there external environments. Robi is jointed with a foreign company. So we can assume that government has given them an entry to our market. And letting them doing business here. So it’s a governmental or political environment of this company. This company is profiting day by day. This money comes from us and that changes our economy. So they have clear connection with this economical issue which is their economical environment. Consumers of this company are enjoying cheap rates and good network. So, more people are finding attraction. The attitude and behavior is changing slightly. That is how the society is working for the company as its environment. The one most important part of this company is technology. Telecom companies are depended on technology. Good server and network is their main key to maximizing their profit. But technology changes very fast. So, the company has to keep pace with their technological environment. This company also obsessed with natural environment like bad weather, bad network. Business Power of Robi: Power is the force or strength that can change something. Business power is the Strength of business that can change a society. Robi made its sim card and call rate more cheep. So, more people are using Robi now. There are different types of business power and that do different changes. When Robi reduces its call rate, people talk more over telephone. Their expenses for telephone increase. This is creates economical change. Robi sponsors various cultural programs on various occasions. So, these programs are regaining its lost glory. Thus Robi makes cultural change. Robi is introducing new services like- mobile ticketing, 4G, internet services etc. through their technology. This technological power is making our life more easy. After the availability of mobile phone people talk so much over phone. Robi is changing our habit by giving special offers and talktimes. There are also various power inside Robi like – political power, positional power, coercive power, reward power etc.

A monopoly from start to finish Essay

During out studies this term we have learned a lot about a Monopolistic way a company is able to maneuver in the business market and I would like to refresh your mind by offering a clear definition. A Monopoly is a situation in which an entity, either an individual or an industry or organization, is the sole supplier of a particular good or service. As such, this supplier has no competition from other suppliers and is able to control the market value of the commodity. Some monopolies are government-enforced or controlled, while others form naturally or through company merger. According to our focus of this paper, we are asking about the long-run competitive equilibrium of the Wonks Company that was earning a normal rate of return and were competing in a monopolistically competitive market structure. One of the questions we must answer regarding this change in business structure is how the company’s shift to a monopoly will benefit the stakeholders involved. One of the stakeholders who may be involved is the government. Monopolies sanctioned by the government are called legal monopolies. These are considered coercive monopolies, meaning that other companies are forbidden by law to compete against them. Governments also maintain some control over monopolies through competition laws, which prevent monopolies from engaging in unscrupulous or anti-competitive practices (http://www. reference. com/motif/Society/advantages-disadvantages-of-monopolies). The second question is how a Monopoly will affect other businesses and after research it is quite obvious from the definition of a monopoly that other companies do not have to worry about competition from other companies in the same market. Consumers are affected by this change because they must either purchase the product or service from the monopoly or do without it. When a company transitions from a monopolistically competitive firm to a monopoly, there will be changes with regard to prices and output from both of these market structures. So, let’s take a closer look at how prices are affected when a firm becomes a monopoly. A common practice among some monopolies is price discrimination, in which the monopolist charges some segments of the population more than others for the same product or service, based on a higher need or a wealthier consumer base. This would usually be called price fixing which is an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand. When the monopoly is able to prevent buyers from reselling their product, they may be able to price discriminate to accentuate the effects of monopoly power. In my opinion the most important group that is affected by a Monopoly are the consumers. Monopolies can impact consumer prices in two obviously different ways, they can cause prices to drop so low that it forces companies out of business or it an cause prices to skyrocket making it difficult for consumers to purchase a product, neither being a good option for the consumer. If one business is the only provider of a product or service, the consumer is forced to pay whatever the price they demand. This can also lead to the company providing a low quality product or service without fear of losing business (Home, 2009). Since monopolies are the only provider, they can set pretty much any price they choose, regardless of demand, because they know the consumer has no choice. Is this sort of thing fair to consumers? Of course not, but it is how big business is able to stay on top of the market. For example, most people find that Apple products have an outrageous price tag, but I have come to learn that the quality of their products is outstanding and I estimate that Apple will continue to rise in popularity for years to come. It has also come to my attention that because Monopolies try to monitor the price of products they may resort to price discrimination. Price discrimination is sometimes defined as the practice of a firm selling a homogeneous commodity at the same time to different purchasers at different prices . Of course, I believe it is important to understand what and how price discrimination occurs. â€Å"Price discrimination exists when two similar products which have the same marginal cost to produce are sold by a firm at different prices. This sort of practice is highly controversial in terms of its impact on both consumers and rivals† (Price Discrimination, 2006, p. 1). There are many ways to accomplish these sort of conditions because the transactions surely need not be simultaneous; indeed, there is temporal discrimination, such as between Sunday rates and week, day rates, matinee and evening prices, peak rates and off-peak rates, season and off-season prices. To sell different qualities or products with different marginal cost at the same price, or to buy different qualities or factors of different efficiency at the same price, is also discriminatory. Based on all of this useful information we must also answer the question regarding which market structure is more beneficial for Wonks to operate in and will this market structure benefit consumers? In my opinion it is based on the level of quality and service of the products and how much consumers are willing to pay for the products they want to purchase. In a monopolistic competitive market the consumer may choose to purchase a substitute product for a lower price, but only if the consumer values price over value. Of course with a monopoly there may be only a few companies offering a substitute product. If one company’s product becomes too high in price, the consumer will eventually look for another brand that offers similar use. According to economist, the monopolistic competitor’s demand curve is less elastic than a pure competitor and more elastic than a pure monopolist. Monopolistic competitors have excess capacity which means that fewer companies operating at capacity could supply the industry output. It is my opinion that Wonks might operate more beneficially as a Monopoly than at a Monopolistic Competitive firm because they will not have as much competition to deal with and they can corner the market with value and price. Resources: 1. McChesney, F. S. , Shughart II, W. F. , & Haddock, D. D. (2004). ON THE INTERNAL CONTRADICTIONS OF THE LAW OF ONE PRICE. Economic Inquiry, 42(4), 706-716. doi:10. 1093/ei/cbh091 2. Mainwaring, L. L. (1977). MONOPOLY POWER, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND PRICE DETERMINATION. Kyklos, 30(4), 674. 3. https://www. fcsknowledgecenter. com/uploads/2011_Row_Crops_Industry_Perspective. pdf 4. http://academic. udayton. edu/lawrenceulrich/Stakeholder%20Theory. pdf 5. http://www. answers. com/topic/mergers-and-acquisitions 6. http://www. helium. com/items/1405663-what-is-a-monopoly-what-do-monopolies-do-how-is-the-economy-affected-by-monopolies 7. Case, K. E. , Fair, R. C. , and Oster, S. E. (2009) Principles of Microeconomics (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Public and Private Language Essay

1. The author didn’t like the American words that children used to address their parents (Mother, Father) because those words didn’t have for him the special, tender sounds that his origin language of Spanish had. He hated those American words but also didn’t use the Spanish words- mama and papa- because they painfully reminded him of how much his life had changed after English became his primary language. 2. The real reason for the author’s continuous silence was the difficulty in expressing his words in the English language. He simply didn’t know how to speak in English. 3. According to the reading: Public language – the English language spoken by teachers and children in school, by the people in the author’s community, and within public society in general. Private language – the language at home between family members Public identity – certain kinds of characteristics shared among children in school, the membership of school society Private identity- certain kinds of characteristics shared among family members at home, which defined this group Summary In Public and Private Language, the author Richard Rodriguez talks about his experience with English, which was his secondary language, the obstacles he had to over come as a young boy, and the effect English language had on his life. Richard Rodriguez came from a Mexican-American family, where the only language they spoke at home was Spanish. The author talks about the problems he had with learning the English language once he became a student. Due to the difficulties he had with expressing his thoughts and ideas in a new language, he often was quiet and wasn’t active in school. The teachers were concerned about his education and decided to encourage his parents to get involved in solving this problem. After that the author realized the immediate change in his parents’ behavior. Everybody in the house started to talk in English more often. Rodriquez wasn’t necessarily happy with this change because his â€Å"private† language was replaced with the â€Å"public† language of los gringos, and he felt like the intimacy of his family wasn’t the same anymore. As his English improved over time, he couldn’t find the easing tenderness in English words like â€Å"Mother† and â€Å"Father† that he could find in Spanish words when he addressed his parents. Although there are many obstacles and dark sides of the English language, the author significantly improved his English over time.

Ten-Foot-Square Hut

Zhao Meng Cui Buddhism Professor Broughton Mon 6:45pm-9:45pm Ten-Foot-Square Hut The Ten-Foot Square Hut is more of a story book to me rather than any religion related book. Kamo no Chomei describe the arrival of the mappo is complete chaos. First, there is a huge fire broke out on a windy night in the third year of the Angen era(1177) in the capital city. The fire was spread widely. Houses were torched; people were chocked to death by smoke or burned to death alive. The result of the fire was â€Å"Sixteen mansions of the nobility were consumed by the fire, to say nothing of untold numbers of other dwellings.Fully one third of the capital was destroyed; several thousand men and women perished. † Second, there is a huge whirlwind hit the capital again in the Jisho ear(1180). Four or five blocks of the city were destroyed. People lost their house, belongings, and lives. The southwestern area next to the city was damaged as well due to the wind moved that way down. Third, the re location of the capital and changing in politics. New capital was built in a different location up north in the mountain area by the sea. Kamo no chomei was also noticed the persons that he knew were riding on horses like the warrior clans instead of sitting in ox cart.People were still living in the fear of the fire. Fourth, the hunger comes around the Yowa era (1181-1182). Typhoons and floods destroyed farm lands and grain. It lasted 2 years. Many people were dead and grain were worth more than gold. Fifth, earthquake. Kamo no chomei mentioned the destruction of all temples first time. Last, People’s mind changed. People’s desire of wealth grows. They become greedy. This is the arrival of the mappo to Kamo no Chomei. It’s like everything that is known to people were destroyed and the old believes were collapsed.Nothing is going to the right direction. Kamo no chomei’s hut measures ten feet square in area and less than seven feet in height. The eaves ext end out three feet for firewood and cooking on the east side. There is also a bamboo balcony with a book shelf at the western side. He put an image of Amida and bodhisattva fugen on the north wall. His bed is along the east side of the room. He kept his music instruments and other books at the southwest corner. Nembutsu was his Bhuddhist practice. His problem was that he loved his small hut and the simple life style.His small hut help him with practice, but it is still consider as mental grasping. â€Å"Buddha warn us against feelings of attachment. † He is still attached to something that would keep him in the samsara. His solutions to his problem are â€Å"call upon my tongue to utter two or three recitations of Amida Buddha’s name, ineffectual as they might be, before falling silent. † My understanding is that he would first do more Buddhist practices as mentioned above â€Å"utter two or three recitations of Amida Buddha’s name†; secondly, easy his mind and meditate as in â€Å"falling silent†.

Contrast the experience of slavery as represented by Douglass and Essay

Contrast the experience of slavery as represented by Douglass and Jacobs. In what ways is their understanding of freedom gender - Essay Example The reactions they exhibit to the terrible difficulties they face are driven in large part by their gendered notions of what is expected of them from their masters, what they are capable of given their own physical capacities, and how their emotional, intellectual and spiritual lives are structured by the experiences they undergo as a result of their gender. In this brief paper, the gendered perspectives displayed by Douglass and Jacobs will be reviewed in order to determine what their views were on lives lived as a man and woman robbed of freedom but not of other crucial aspects of personal identity. Douglass gives an account of his life as a slave in and around Baltimore during the mid-1800s. In childhood he was taken away from his mother in order to ensure that the emotional ties between them would be severed, resulting in his growing up unmoored in the world to the love and affection of other slaves. He never knew his father, but suspected that his father was the white owner of h is mother at the time of his birth. These facts are relayed by Douglass with a sorrow that reflects his inability to relate to anyone he might call family. Having been deprived of such, he grew up confused and fearful, worrying that he would be beaten and punished for any infractions against his masters. He attempted to learn basic survival skills from whoever showed him any affection. Since, even in the absence of a natural mother, primary care was given by other female slaves, he learned from the women he called â€Å"aunts† how to get along in the world. Most of his interaction with men revolved around dealings with slave owners and their overseers, who were cruel and inhumane. He relays stories of having watched the women he came to appreciate for their dignity and poise being beaten by the men he learned to fear. This way of interacting with men and women certainly colored his view of his own role in the world as a man as he grew in stature. In Chapter 5 of his account h e relays the one positive early interaction he had with another male, the son of his master, who became his protector of sorts. He relied on this boy to keep him safe from harassment by older boys. It seems significant that it was a white child who played this role for him. Having been born of mixed race and having had his family taken from him, he came to relate to the world in a very isolated fashion. He describes the mealtimes and relays how he learned that the strongest males who ate the fastest were the ones who came to have the most respect among the other slaves, largely because they came to grow in stature and strength. Therefore, as a young child he was taught that males are supposed to be as close to savage as possible, while women and those males who submit to the protection of their white owners are allowed to grow up with some amount of dignity. He was drawn to that notion, and describes the way he prepared his body by scrubbing dead skin off his feet so that he would h ave a better chance of being sold to an owner in the city, where he might expect to have a more comfortable life. Jacobs, on the other hand describe her early childhood in almost bucolic terms, describing a happy life interacting with her grandmother, her mother, and even her mistress/owner. She learned to bake and do domestic chores and lived a life

Report On Product Costing For Dumbellow Ltd Essay

Report On Product Costing For Dumbellow Ltd - Essay Example Furthermore, the production manager considered re-organization of production activities and also the use of a cheaper component of product Z. though all these proposals are viable; they have various shortcomings which may outweigh their expected benefit. In addition, a comparison of marginal costing and full costing (absorption costing) is dealt with in this report. The advantages of using marginal costing instead of full costing, in decision making, are discussed. In conclusion, the shortcomings of the analyses of various proposals examined in this report are identified. Recommendations on the best way to handle the case of product Z are also discussed at the end of this report. Key strategies that were recommended include reorganization of the production processes and the termination of the product. 2.0 Background Information Dumbellow Ltd is a manufacturing company that produces three industrial valves which are incorporated into equipment used in the Oil and Gas industry. The boa rd of Directors of the company is meeting on 3rd of October to discuss the draft budget for the following year, a few months before the start of that calendar and financial year. They are concerned about two issues; the deterioration of product Z in terms of its profitability in the present period and the financial year and the failure of the company to make a total profit of at least ?400k to meet their required 20% return on capital. Owing to the dissatisfaction of the board, the managers of Dumbellow Ltd raised varying proposals on ways to boost the profitability of the company. These diverse views prompted the formation of a group of five members with an objective of writing this report and making recommendations to the board on the most optimal course of action (Lewis, 2001). 3.0 Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing Marginal costing, unlike full costing, focuses on the additional costs of producing one ore more units of a product or service. Under this method, the cost of ma terials and labour are the only components which make up the marginal cost. Other costs such as rent and taxes are considered fixed since they will have been covered. For this reason, marginal cost is easier to compute and thus preferable for quick decision making. Besides saving on time, marginal costing it helps in the generation of additional profit. Every organization aims at maximizing profits which in turn facilitates growth of the business organization. One of the ways of maximizing profits is through reduction or minimization of costs, mostly the costs of production. Dumbellow ltd, for example, through marginal costing can utilize the spare capacity available to produce more of their products. In this case, fixed costs will not be considered since they are already paid; only labour and material costs matters. This enables managers to see quick means of generating extra profit. However, if full costing is used by the company to access the cost of producing extra units, it wil l be found unprofitable or t result in negligible profits because of fixed costs included and it will require a lo of time (Elliot & Elliot, 2004). Marginal costing brings about better performances but significant risk is experienced. Businesses using full costing sets their prices by ensuring that all costs are covered and a profit margin is also included. This calculated profit

Class Discussion cis 242 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class Discussion cis 242 - Essay Example Operators and values are used to define a condition. The operators can be Relational and Logical operators that are used to compare two values; however, Logical operators are also used to combine two or more conditions. An example is given below for illustration of decision making structure using conditions, operators and values: /* â€Å"&&† a logical operator used to compare two conditions, the first condition is either â€Å"a† is greater than â€Å"10† and the second condition is either â€Å"a† is less than 20. If both the conditions get true, the â€Å"statements (A)† will be executed and if anyone of the conditions gets false, the â€Å"statements (B)† will be executed. As â€Å"&&† (and) logical operator has been used, therefore, both the conditions need to be true to execute â€Å"statements (A)†. Boolean operators have significance importance in C++, as these can be used in the conditions to determine either the condition is true or false. In programming, you need decision making structures that are based on conditions, whereas in the conditions we use Boolean operators. The above example explains the conditions along with Boolean Operators in detail. Loops are used to add excitement to roller coaster in amusements parks such as Six Flags. :D Just kidding of course, but in C++, they do the same kind of thing: Start at one point, execute some code, then end up back at where you started. They are useful for when you need to execute a piece of code multiple times. The different loop commands have the same basic function, but execute slightly differently. The while command is the simplest of the loops.Just like we say when we talk while (this) is true, do (this). For example: While the TV is on, I will watch it. Once the TV goes off, I will stop watching it. A good use of while is when asking for an entry, check to see that one of the expected entries is the one that the user used. The while loop checks to see if the condition is true before it

The Whole Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Whole Truth - Essay Example The DA argued for retribution for the murder and the excessive harm and attempted murder on his client which was premeditated (Pohlman, 1999). The defense attorney Michael George was a young and seemingly inexperienced defense attorney even though he was aggressive and smart. George was brought up with serious values and he was afraid of failing. He therefore accepted the case and even though he knew the DA was going for a death penalty, he was afraid he would fail his client despite the crimes he had committed. He was afraid it would look bad on his career to fail this case and hence he decided to fight the defense not for the client but for his career. George argued about his client being provoked (Pohlman, 1999). The psychological examination carried out on the defendant indicated that Carr had a problem with lesbians because he suspected his mother was a lesbian and hence has an aversion towards the lesbians. I do not agree with this examination because it was an indication of hate towards his mother being projected towards innocent victims who has constitutional right to exercise their sexual preference. Carr had not shown any friendship with the two women from the moment he met the victim whom he killed. He had followed them from the initial place they shifted from and was carrying a rifle. This was even before he found them engaging in their sexual activity and hence the fact that they were lesbians does not hold much defense for his case. He was simply looking for a secluded place and convenient time as well as an excuse to kill them and the location of the shooting which was secluded was a clear indication of that (Pohlman, 1999). Discuss the criminal justice process as experienced by Stephen Carr and Claudia Brenner (e.g., beginning with the preliminary hearing through the trial verdict). Provide examples from the book when discussing the courtroom process.

Mass marketing and Targeted marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mass marketing and Targeted marketing - Essay Example It includes Radio, Television, Newspapers and even the internet. According to Jakacki (2001), some of the products that are suited for this marketing strategy include drinking juice, furniture, automobiles as well as mobile phones. An example of a company that has used this strategy with a good measure of success is Coca Cola. Other food manufactures such as Nestle and electronics giants like Sony have also used this strategy to reach a world wide market. The major advantage of this strategy is economies of scale since production is in large quantities. At the other opposite end of mass marketing is targeted marketing or better still Niche marketing. Targeted marketing is aimed at a given market segment. A segment in this case may be a given geographic area, demographic profile such as the youth or behavioral segment based on variables such as income status or level of brand loyalty. There has been a shift from mass marketing to targeted marketing occasioned by a number of factors. Changing consumer patterns, the need to position products differently from competitors and the importance of being an expert in a given area. Jakacki (2001) says that today's consumers have diverse needs. For instance there is a segment that is keen on losing weight, and another one which wants to avoid sugar. This has led to the emergence of products such as Coke diet to cater for this unique segment. At the same time intense competition has led companies to produce products that are unique to a given segment hence setting the product significantly apart from those of the competitor. A phone company will therefore manufacture mobile phones with a music player in order to tap the youth market. This makes their products unique and leads to more sales in the specific market segment. The shift to targeted marketing can also be attributed to the fact that emphasis on one area makes you an expert in that particular field. A company is more likely to stand out from the crowd if only it is viewed as an expert in a given area by the consumer. For instance a food manufacturing company may get more mileage if it concentrates its effort in the manufacture of baby products only. Since it is the expert in this field then a good number of mothers are likely to buy its products. Using practical examples, explain how an integrated marketing communications strategy might enable marketers to more effectively reach target customers Integrated marketing communication is a new approach in marketing that is aimed at blending all marketing communication efforts of a company. (Moschis 1994) The ultimate goal is to make the various communication tools used by a company to compliment each other rather than work in isolation. It is based on the idea that the combined effect of the various communication tools is way much better than the sum of their individual effects. This helps in creating synergy in the company's communication effort. Moschis (1994) points out that a company can reach its customers using a number of communication tools. It can be through advertising, sales promotion or direct marketing. Now, integrated marketing communication aims at integrating all these tools so as to reach the

Wk 5 discus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk 5 discus - Essay Example Since the relationship between the counselor and the individual is going well, the counselor should not have "pretended" that they knew about it. Instead, it should have been a topic that was discussed in the session. Resolving the presenting issues is not possible because of the lack of knowledge. A counselor in this situation must be careful because their ideas and values will be challenged by this practice. It is not likely that this woman will adopt the American way of being or that she will accept that she should not complete the practice. What the counselor can do is help her to examine the choice and all of the issues surrounding it but ultimately the client will need to make the choice. The counselor must be in an emotional space for themselves that allows the client to make her decision without coercion by the counselor. As much as this is a terrible and demeaning practice for women, it is not something that is going to change overnight. If the counselor can assist the client emotionally in going through with the process or emotions after it (if she decides to go through with it) this would be the most beneficial way for both the client and the counselor. Female circumcision is not right and it is terrible for the individual but it is something that many women are cul turally bred to

Social Justice and Social Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Social Justice and Social Order - Essay Example The majority sociological explorations of mass culture, especially those undertaken within a Marxist or critical theory standpoint, tend to be restricted in their cultural and political postulations. This cultural elitism also rests upon a position of high culture, needing discipline and simplicity which can only be acquired by the professional rational through years of withdrawal from everyday labor and daily realities. More significantly, an elitist criticism of mass culture presumes, not only the peculiarity between low and high culture, but also the accessibility of some general or complete values from which a position of critique can be sustained. Subsequent Alasdair MacIntyre's reasonably influential study After Virtue (1981), argue that a rational system of values as the base of criticism presupposes a comparatively coherent community as the fundamental social fabric of moral systems and ethical point of view. As in contemporary society the primary communal realism of values has been devastated, there can be no clear position of hierarchical values so as to found a critique of mass culture. In any case, the significance of postmodern cultural pluralism is to weaken the basis for the privileged asserts high culture to be the standard of aesthetic preeminence. Therefore, the leading metaphor or mode of thought in modern critical theory is inevitably reflective, since critical evaluation should be retrospective. The foundationalist and dualist philosophical endeavor that under girds the social order should be abandoned, so that alternative ideas can be amuses. In this regard, West admits that he has "a very strong anti-metaphysical bent" (West, 1993b: 51). Truth is thus conditional and tied thoroughly to human desires and aims. Truth, as West writes, is the product of reasonable assertions that are themselves value-laden and commendable of human beings working in cohesion for the common good" ( West, 1989: 100). In this way, West is anti-metaphysical. Consequently, persons should be made sentient that an all surrounding common culture is not a prerequisite for securing vivacious and harmonious race relations. As Roland Barthes is fond of saying, postmodernists consider persons to be open signifiers (Barthes, 1977). Undeniably, writers such as bell hooks, Paul Gilroy, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Cornel West, and Manning Marable--prominent writers in the field of race relations concur that the analysis of essentialism offered by postmodernists is dominant to establishing an democratic society. This does not mean, though, that all the writers such as Paul Gilroy, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Cornel West consider themselves to be postmodernists. Indeed, at times, each one condemns postmodernism for a diversity of reasons. But what is clear is that their basic arguments are consistent with Lyotard's understanding of the key thrust of postmodernism: "astonishment toward meta-narratives" ( Lyotard, 1984: xxiv). The consequence of this attack on absolutes is that the racial ontology offered by assimilationists is no longer workable. Certainly, the uneven social relationships continued by minorities based on disparities in biological, cultural, or genetic aspects, which have put in to enriching particular cultures over others, can no longer be

The Development of Illusion and Reality in Tithe Essay Example for Free

The Development of Illusion and Reality in Tithe Essay Opponents have historically overlooked the primary reasons for it’s against to plastic surgery. It promotes a continuing descent into all things vain. Rather than accepting their perceived flaws, growing, and developing character, they take a chance going under the knife. Plastic surgery rarely produces the desired results and creates unhealthier obsession with things that would be relatively trivial in a mentally healthy person with proper priorities and emotional disorders. Even if, by some miracle, someone is completely happy with their surgery, it only serves to perpetuate the cycle; for themselves and for others. The obsession doesnt go away in these people. Their thinking inevitably moves on to having more things done. The plastic surgery craze is insidious because it targets those who are obsessed with their outer appearance, not whats important. Furthermore, the demand for cosmetic plastic surgery increases despite the increasing cost, in contrast to other traditional goods for which demand typically declines as price increases. Cosmetic plastic surgery has moved beyond the stage of being an exclusive privilege of the rich and famous. Nevertheless, cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the medical specialties exposed to a substantially high risk of malpractice claims. Most malpractice claims in cosmetic plastic surgery are not consequences of technical faults but because of inadequate patient selection criteria and lack of adequate communication between patient and surgeon. Proven efficient training, careful utilization of computer imaging techniques in association with the adoption of simple precautions and guidelines and adequate communication along with a completed patients consent form are important essentials in case of medical litigation. .Mental and emotional stability are increasingly taking a backseat to physical appearance. People just dont realize what theyre doing to themselves because they have never really valued anything other than physical appearance in the first place. The fact that these things arent obvious to more people truly shows where our culture is heading. Just think about this question: Is the freedom to do whatever we want with our lives a valuable passport even to overpass the limits of morals and ethics. People generally arent against plastic surgery. Theyre against people who look perfectly fine getting their face cut up because they want to look like their favorite celebrity. Opposition A new survey shows that more than half (51%) of all Americans regardless of income approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, this is a 3% increase from 2009. According to the February 2011 report, 52% of respondents with an income of under $25K approve of cosmetic surgery (48% of respondents with an income between $25K-$50K approve, 45% of respondents with an income between $50K-$75K approve, and 56% of respondents with an income above $75K approve) and 29% of the respondents who earn under $25K would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves. â€Å"As the numbers suggest people in every income bracket, single or married, male or female, view plastic surgery as a reasonable option today,† said Felmont F. Eaves III, MD, President of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). â€Å"Taking care of yourself and paying attention to physical appearance is increasingly important to everyone. As both traditional surgical procedures have been improved and refined, and new nonsurgical options have become available, aesthetic plastic surgeons have more to offer to our patients. † Other key findings of the study include:53% of women and 49% of men say they approve of cosmetic surgery. 67% of Americans would not be embarrassed if their friends and family knew they had cosmetic surgery. 27% of married Americans and 33% of unmarried Americans would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves, now or in the future. 67% of white Americans and 72% of non-white Americans say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. Most Americans (71%) said their attitude toward cosmetic surgery had not changed in the last five years, though 20% said it was ‘more favorable. ‘Out of all age groups, men and women between the ages of 18 and 24 are the most likely to consider plastic surgery for themselves now or in the future (37%). 77% of Americans 65 or older say they would not be embarrassed abouthaving cosmetic surgery. The study was commissioned by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and conducted by the independent research firm innovate. According to 2010 ASAPS Cosmetic Surgery Statistics, almost 9. 5 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States last year. Women had nearly 8. 6 million cosmetic procedures (92 percent of total) and men had more than 750,000 procedures (8 percent of total). Overall, the number of surgical procedures increased by almost 9 percent and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures decreased 9 percent from 2010 to access the complete 2010 ASAPS Statistics. A 2004 study published in the official medical journal of the ASPS, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that deaths occurring at office-based surgery facilities are rareless than 1/4 percent. More than 400,000 operative procedures in accredited office-based outpatient surgery centers were studied from 2000-2002. Serious complications were infrequent, occurring 1 in 298 cases or 0. 34 percent with death occurring 1 in 51,459 cases or 0. 0019 percent, which is comparable to the overall risk of such procedures performed in hospital surgery facilities, this publication makes me think about my life or my beauty Well, someone has to defend cosmetic plastic surgery, says Rachel Weisz, Hollywood beauty. There are several reasons why she is in approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, that extend beyond her own vested interest of making a living. She also asks,† Where do you draw the line between acceptable vanity and unacceptable vanity? You shower, bathe and get regular haircuts. You color your hair to be lighter, darker, more dramatic, or to hide the grays. You spend large amounts of money on skin care products and eye creams. You wear cosmetics, buy and wear flattering clothing , pay a fortune for your kids to have straight teeth . Why are these things acceptable but cosmetic surgery, which actually works, is not? Do you know that the entire skin care industry is lying to you? Over-the-counter skin care products don’t work. At best, they don’t work that well. Regardless of how expensive they are, your face will still sag and wrinkle. Women spend an average of $24,000 over their lifetimes fighting wrinkles, and yet, the wrinkles keep coming. † She basically want to covey that she is in approve of cosmetic surgery because is cheaper than using creams or products, she believe in vanity, plus being perfect is the main character in her life. Refutation I have fact about how cans harmful cosmetic surgeries are. October, 2000. A new study suggests that a few patients who seek facial plastic surgery have a personality disorder. Surgery may benefit some of these patients, but others remain discontented and may seek legal recourse from their surgeon. A persons self-image plays a key role in the development of personality. Young men and women with a subjective negative impression of their self-image develop defense mechanisms to cope with low esteem. Later in life, they may request cosmetic surgery to normalize a perceived abnormal appearance. These patients may, in fact, not need cosmetic surgery to address patterns of behavior found in certain personality types. Following surgery, conflict may arise between patient and surgeon. The researchers contend that facial plastic surgeons may encounter this problem. Their study attempts to describe the personality disorders of patients seeking facial plastic surgery to allow the specialist to make an informed decision to treat, or not to treat. The research was carried out by a team led by Henri Gaboriau MD, from the Department of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and H. Devon Graham III MD, from the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA. The findings were presented on April 28,1999 at a meeting of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The Bible does not specifically address a Christian having plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery. There is nothing in the Bible to indicate that plastic surgery is, in and of itself, wrong. However, there are several things that one needs to consider before deciding whether or not to undergo these procedures. Altering ones body is unnatural, and there are always risks of potential side effects, both physical and psychological. No one should allow himself to be put â€Å"under the knife† without first thoroughly researching all alternatives, risks, and side effects involved with the surgery. A person also needs to fully identify his or her motivation for desiring the surgery. For many with physical deformities; whether genetic or acquired, it is natural to want to fit into society and feel â€Å"normal. † There are also cases of slight abnormalities that would cause someone to feel very uncomfortable with himself, such as a very large or misshapen nose. But many, if not most, plastic surgeries are attempts to meet emotional voids in physical ways, to attract attention, or to seek approval from others. The most important thing to do before making the decision to undergo plastic surgery would be to consult God about the issue. The Bible tells us that God cares about every worry and concern that we have, so we should take our problems to Him (1 Peter 5:7). Through the wisdom and guidance of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God, we have the ability to make decisions that will please and honor Him. â€Å"Charm is deceptive, and beauty is fleeting; but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised† (Proverbs 31:30). Even the most skilled surgeon cannot hold back the hands of time, and all cosmetic surgeries will eventually have the same result—aging. Those lifted body parts will sag again, and those cosmetically altered facial features will eventually wrinkle. It is far better to work on beautifying the person underneath, â€Å"that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in Gods sight† (1 Peter 3:4). Conclusion I am against plastic surgery because it is generally unnecessary surgery which comes with very serious risks. Our society places great importance in appearance, which leads to unrealistic standards that young girls and women. Plastic surgery only strengthens these insane standards and weakens the self-esteem of girls and women who do not feel as though they measure up. Learn to love the body you have. And more people want surgery, but we are not becoming uglier as a race, we are just adjusting our notion of what is beautiful and what is not. All of us are the product of billions of years of evolution and sexual selection; we are the direct descendants of 100s of millions of others who have been found sexually attractive by someone else, we cant be that ugly. As wonderful as this piece of modern medical technology may sound, cosmetic surgery is not all that advantageous and in most of all cases, it is not needed. There is no point in transforming a healthy body. That is why the idea of the perfect body image has to be forgotten, and it has to be recognized that everyone is a special human being. Sources Laurie J. Fundukian, Richard H. Camer Blepharoplasty. . The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed.. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 6 vols. Print Kimberly,HenryA. ,andPennyHeckaman. â€Å"The-Plastic-Surgery-Sourcebook† Lincolnwood: NTC/ Contemporary Publishing, 1999. Print Liz Jones †If face creams really beat ageing, I wouldnt have had a facelift† 25 July 2011http://www. dailymail. co. uk. Newswire Association LLC â€Å"Plastic Surgery Complications and Deaths are Rare, Despite Highly Publicized Death of Donda West† US Newswire. Nov. 14, 2007 pNA. http://www. plasticsurgery. org National Review â€Å"Survey Shows That More Than Half of Americans Approve of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery† New York, NY ,April 4, 2011 www. surgery. org http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A63931-2004Oct26. html http://www. prweb. com/releases/2013/3/prweb10557201. htm http://www. deseretnews. com/article/865575486/Teens-turn-to-plastic-surgery-experts-tackle-the-when-and-why. html? pg=all.