Humor in Advertising Essay

If you hear the word â€Å"coke,† what is the first product that comes into your mind? Or if you hear the name â€Å"McDonald’s,† what television commercial do you remember? When we hear these words or terms, we can easily associate them with products because of the advertisements that we see on television, hear over the radio, read in the magazines or billboards or in the Internet. Advertising is simply the public promotion of products and services. Its primary intention is to persuade the prospective consumer to buy the products or avail the services. Usually, advertising are paid promotions. One of the strategies of advertising is injecting the copy with humor. Though according to Brian Sternthal and Samuel Craig of the Journal of Marketing (1973), there are relatively little known about the persuasive effect of humor, advertisers still continue to use humor in their ads. This is not only to make people laugh but actually the combination of advertisement and entertainment. Many believe that it is easier to get the attention of the audience when there is humor and they can laugh at the advertisement. Humor also reinforces the retention of the audience to certain products or services. However, there are advertising agencies that are against the use of humor in advertising. Reasons include the absence of sense of humor to some audience, thus ruining the intention of the advertisement and could decrease the positive perception of the target market. Moreover, humor in advertising could be subjective and may be misinterpreted; also, it could insult someone. Though there are different interpretations in using humor in advertising, we could still say that it could be an effective instrument to persuade people. Whether the impact of the humor is positive or negative, you are assured that you have got the attention of your viewers and most likely because they are affected by it, they may try the product. References: Sternthal, B. & Craig, S. (Oct. 1973) Humor in Advertising. Journal of Marketing Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 12-18 _______. (______). Using Humor in Advertising. Retrieved December 15, 2007 from http://www. myprofessionaladvertising. com/Humor%20in%20Advertising. htm Advertising Definition http://wordnet. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=advertising.

Best Buy Essay

The key factors that lead to Best Buy’s success include: Growth in the consumer electronics retail sector and the internet boom: Constant growth in the demand for consumer electronics has grown over the previous decades which has supported Best Buy’s successful turnout into the top consumer electronics store. The internet also played a significant role in increasing the sales of Best Buy as it had already ramped up its computer product offerings prior to 1995. The internet boom positively affected the consumer electronics industry in general. Knowledgeable sales staff: Best Buy’s salespeople did not work on commission which helped creating a low pressure shopping experience for the customers and built a consumer friendly environment. This also lead Best Buy to attract a well read sales force which would guide the customers to make the choices more customized to themselves and helped the buyers in decision making. Also merchandise was arranged by brand name instead of by price range. Both of these were unusual practices in the superstore industry but worked well for Best Buy. Focus on customer service (Geek Squad): Best Buy’s belief in offering outstanding customer service through product warranties, personal services and at-home delivery helped Best Buy to differentiate itself from other competitors in the space. This also helped Best Buy in gaining trust and building a strong customer base. Acquisition of the Geek Squad to service computers 24Ãâ€"7 differentiated Best Buy as an excellent product and service provider. Customer-Centricity: Target market segmentation by Best Buy’s Customer-Centric approach and extensive research and analysis of its customer base helps Best Buy in configuring its stores and training its work force to cater to the individual needs of its market segments which encourages customers to revisit for multiple purchases. Also the approach to customize the store at times in terms of some local requirements helps Best Buy in increasing its sales significantly. Risks going forward include increased competition from other retailers and wholesalers like Wal-Mart , Costco, Target etc who also have a very strong distribution network and customer base. Best Buy has to decide whether to spend money on its sales force and customization strategies or to compete in terms of price with these other retailers especially in this low margin growing industry. Best Buy also has to decide to enhance its online sales and product offerings in order to compete with the like of Amazon and Ebay in the online electronic sales market which is growing rapidly. Stores like Wal-Mart are growing tremendously fast in the retail segment and Best Buy has to compete with them in terms of opening new retail outlets as well. Another important risk Best Buy faces is investing in the international markets looking at the current economic scenario or to maintain strong hold in the local US market. . Looking forward Best Buy can compete against Wal-Mart and online companies in the following ways: Continuing to differentiate itself as an excellent customer oriented business Best Buy offers the latest technologies at its stores and to attract and hold customers who are technology savvy it is essential for Best Buy to dwell on its approach of customer service because in the space of advanced technology, nothing can replace the in store experience of actually intera cting with knowledgeable salespersons. Developing the online product offerings: Best Buy must also focus a little more on its online business in order to avoid being overtaken by Amazon and Ebay which are growing their business extensively. In order to keep up to its customer oriented approach, Best Buy must offer more detailed view of its product offerings than any other online competitor. It must increase its online product offering to a wider range and variety of products to grow in the online segment. Increase international presence: At the moment, Best Buy is majorly dependent on the local US market. The international markets are growing fast and competitors like Wal-Mart are growing their business wide, therefore Best Buy must increase its international presence quickly to avoid losing out to its competitors in the international markets and also in order to hedge the risk of being completely dependent on the US market. Also labor expenses being less in a number of international markets, Best Buy can afford to maintain its excellent customer service and enhance its brand value. SWOT Analysis for reference: Internal| Strengths| Weaknesses| 1. Strong market presence 2. Knowledgeable workforce 3. High quality technical support service 4. Strong financial performance 5. Financial resources to spend money on advertising ;amp; promotion, introducing new products. 6. Increased market share and strong brand presence. | 1. Low margins 2. High dependence on local (U. S) market. 3. High costs of maintaining stores and employees. | External| Opportunities| Threats| . Growing global computer and electronics retail sector 2. Customer centric operating model 3. Expansion in the international consumer electronics retail market. 4. Strong private brand potential. 5. Failure of competitors like Circuit City ;amp; CompUSA has opened gates to improve market share. 6. Online sales| 1. Rising competition from lower price outlets like Wal-Mart and Costco. 2. Online competitors like Amazon, Ebay. 3. Economic slowdown 4. Rising labor wages|

Data Tracking Sheet

Sleep Study: Using a Data Tracking Sheet Tyeshia L. Watkins Argosy University/Atlanta LASA 1 Data Tracking Sheet Data A Fill out this form every morning for 3 days. Day1 Oct. 26, 20122 Oct. 27, 20123 Oct. 28, 2012Average scores/Amounts What did you do during the 30 minutes before bed? (Routine, brushed teeth, etc†¦) 1. Read 2. Brushed Teeth 3. Ironed Clothes 4. Prayed 5. Cleansed Face1. Studied 2. Brushed Teeth 3. Ironed Malachi’s school uniforms 4. Prayed 1. Social network surfing 2.Watched cartoons with Malachi. 3. Prayed 4. Cleansed Face 5. Brushed Teeth What time did you go to bed last night? 10:35 p. m. 10:46 p. m. 8:30 p. m. How long did it take to fall asleep? 15 mins. 15 mins. 10 mins. 40 mins. Did you wake up during your sleep? How many times? How long? Yes, once. 3 hrs. NoNo Did you get out of bed? YesNoNo What time did you get up? 10:40 a. m. 6:15 a. m. 6:15 a. m. How much total sleep did you get? 12 hrs. 7 hrs. 10 hrs. 29 hrs. Rate your restfulness on a scale of 1-10 (1 = no restfulness) (10 = fully rested) 107926Anything usual that could have impacted sleep (feeling sick, significant other snoring, etc†¦)It was cold not too warm. Quiet OutsideBusy Day (12 hr. work shift, Malachi’s football practice, Gym, and visited mom for a few hrs. ) Other comments you want to track or make note of Data B Fill out this form every morning for 3 days after reading, researching, and practicing breathing technique. This needs to include using the breathing technique after entering bed, being quiet, in the dark, with the breathing technique done at least 10 times. Day1 Oct. 29, 20122 Oct. 30, 20123Oct 31, 2012Average scores/Amounts What did you do during the 30 minutes before bed? (Routine, brushed teeth, etc†¦) 1. Brushed Teeth 2. Prayed 3. Taken Cold & Cough Medication 4. Drank A Cup Of Tea 1. Cleansed Face 2. Brushed Teeth 3. Prayed 4. Studied 5. Taken Cold & Cough Medication 6. Drank A Cup Of Tea1. Cleansed Face 2. Brushed Teeth 3. Pr ayed 4. Studied 5. Taken Cold & Cough Medication 6. Drank A Cup Of Tea What time did you go to bed last night? 7:35 p. m. 7:15 p. m. 8:45 p. m. How long did it take to fall asleep? 6 mins. 7 mins. 8 mins. 21 mins. Did you wake up during your sleep?How many times? How long? NoNoNo Did you get out of bed? NoNoNo What time did you get up? 3:15 a. m. 3:15 a. m. 3:15 a. m. How much total sleep did you get? 8 hrs. 7 hrs. 6 hrs. 21 hrs. Rate your restfulness on a scale of 1-10 (1 = no restfulness) (10 = fully rested) 44412 Anything usual that could have impacted sleep (feeling sick, significant other snoring, etc†¦) Other comments you want to track or make note of The first day that I had a cold, it made my night a little restless. I could hardly breathe because, my noiseMy body was hot, and then it would be cold. Introduction to BreathingBreath is the key to health and wellness, a function we can learn to regulate and develop in order to improve our physical, mental and spiritual wel l-being. Breathing has direct connections to emotional states and moods – observe someone who is angry, afraid or otherwise upset, and you will see a person breathing rapidly, shallowly, noisily and irregularly. Our breathing patterns mimic our life patterns and we can develop unhealthy breathing habits without being aware of it. The change in breathing patterns changes your state of mind and reduces the mental disturbances. Thoughts become clearer and your understanding of yourself is enhanced.As your mind becomes more fully absorbed in the observation of the breathing process, the character of the breath tends to change involuntarily. Sleep problems also exist when you have established stressors that make you sleep intolerable and reluctant to enjoy. There are instances when your body is restless but, your mind is tired which leads to sleep deprivation. In this paper the researcher will describe the experience of a sleep study on a patient who suffered from a common cold. T he acknowledgment of the differential state between normal breathing vs. alternative nostril breathing.Whether or not the alternative nostril breathing technique was beneficial to the patient in question. A credible research of natural versus medical remedies for sleep. Why some people might be skeptical of this technique. Summary of Results Was the hypothesis that alternative nostril breathing works as a natural sleep aid was supported through the study? During the sleep study of the patient, the researcher observed that in the data gathered from the Data A section, the researcher noticed that the patient had 30 hours of sleep, in between the night however, the patient was awaken one night for at least 15 mins.In Data B the patient fell asleep in 40 mins (average mean). During Data A the patient scored their restfulness as 7 and above which indicates that the patient received adequate enough sleep that was suitable for the patient. In the Data B section, which involved the alternat ive nostril breathing technique the client presented several changes that indicated that there were stressors that impacted this area of observation. Stressors are defined as, a stimulus event that places a demand on an organism for some kind of adaptive response (Gerrig, 2009, p. 89). During the alternative nostril breathing technique the patient complained of difficulty breathing due to a common cold that prevented the patient from having restful nights. The researcher noticed that the patient had 21 hours of sleep, in between the night however, the patient was not awake on any of the 3 nights In Data B the patient fell asleep in 21 mins (average mean). During Data B the patient scored their restlessness as 7 and below which indicates that the patient did not receive adequate enough sleep that was suitable for the atient. The patient indicated that the alternative nostril breathing technique was not beneficial and in fact was not successful to encourage restful nights. The hypothe sis of the alternative nostril breathing works as a natural sleep aid if there are no biological stressors involved. Biological Perspective *include things like how alternative nostril breathing works as a natural sleep aid, what biological systems might be involved, and how it might help from a biological perspective. Do these claims make sense biologically?Is there scientific or biological evidence that could support this technique? Why would this method work biologically? The alternative nostril breathing technique works as a natural sleep aid Cultural and Ethical Implications *include things like research of natural versus medical remedies for sleep. Make sure to address how such remedies apply to various clients and the strengths and weaknesses of both types of remedies. Why might some people have a cultural struggle with using a technique like this? What are some differences between Western medicine and Eastern medicine?Scientific Perspective What scientific methods used are u sed in various studies, etc†¦? What are the stages of applying the scientific method? The perspective in many non-Western cultures indicate bio psychosocial model of health. The Navajo concept of hozho (pronounced whoazo) means harmony, peace of mind, goodness, ideal family relationships, beauty in arts and crafts, and health of body and spirit. Illness is seen as the outcome of any disharmony, caused by evil introduced through violation of taboos, witchcraft, overindulgence, or bad dreams.Traditional healing ceremonies seek to banish illness and restore health, not only through the medicine of the shaman but also through the combined efforts of all family members, who work together with the ill person to reachieve a state of hozho (Gerrig, 2009, p. 403). Modern Western scientific thinking has relied almost exclusively on a biomedical model that has a dualistic conception of body and mind. According to this model, medicine treats the physical body as separate from the psyche; t he mind is mportant only for emotions and beliefs and has little to do with the reality of the body. Summary In this paper the researcher will describe the experience of a sleep study on a patient who suffered from a common cold. The acknowledgment of the differential state between normal breathing vs. alternative nostril breathing. Whether or not the alternative nostril breathing technique was beneficial to the patient in question. A credible research of natural versus medical remedies for sleep. Why some people might be skeptical of this technique.The perspective in many non-Western cultures indicate bio psychosocial model of health. Modern Western scientific thinking has relied almost exclusively on a biomedical model that has a dualistic conception of body and mind. The hypothesis of the alternative nostril breathing works as a natural sleep aid if there are no biological stressors involved. Reference Gerrig (2009). Psychology and Life [18] (Vital Source Bookshelf), Retrieved fr om http://digitalbookshelf. argosy. edu/books/0558302572/id/ch12lev1sec02

MIS COMPARISON Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MIS COMPARISON - Coursework Example The need and demand of the Management Information System (MIS) for Human Resource in Tesco is increased due to the increasing focus of management on Human Resource (HR) in the multinational organizations. The functionality of Management Information System (MIS) for Human Resource provides services in a layered form. Initially, the core and basic activities of Human Recourse Management (HRM) are covered under the services given by Management Information System for Human Resource include as the automated attendance system, and maintenance of employee’s record in Tesco. The tools, procedures and software’s are provided by MIS system. MIS is minimizes some issues of traditional management work of Human Resource. Tripathi (2011) stated that function of sales and marketing was a significant part of growth for national as well as multinational organizations. Therefore, use of Management Information System (MIS) for Sales and marketing obviously results positively for the manag ement of sales processes at Apple Inc. According to Zhang and Zhang (2007) MIS used for sales reduced the stages involved in sales process as compared to a traditional method of sales contained. The MIS includes features like sales analysis, decision predictions, effective for sales managers to handle sales, and online e- marketing and e-sales. The system covers the financial activities regarding the sales management. The system provides ease to e-clients and the labor cost of sales. The Management Information System (MIS) for Human Resource in Tesco totally depends upon the information systems. The information system is used to manage the internal operations and also helps in decision making process in the organization regarding the management activities of Human Resource. The information system is a collection of hardware, software, network, internet and specific tools or software’s working to facilitate the user (Tripathi,

Expected Changes In Accounting Management as the Global Market merges Research Paper

Expected Changes In Accounting Management as the Global Market merges - Research Paper Example Literature has stipulated that, modifications in both exterior and interior organizational aspects have manipulated modifications in organization accounting performances in organizations. When business societies respond to disputes by going aboard on an alteration management trail, they encounter the options of which a number of the countless management techniques, procedures and organizations would be mainly effectual. This is imperative as the managing accounting system assumes an imperative responsibility in offering useful statistics to management, particularly in the judgment-making course. Copious researchers have depicted significance in considering the manner in which organization accounting and managerial changes react to the altering business setting. Nevertheless, the majority of this study has currently been carried out in urbanized economy scenery above all in Western nations. This study explores the outcome of configuration among the alterations in exterior and interior managerial factors, with alterations in management accounting implementation on routine. The scaffold has been established centered on writing and stipulation from Western nations and Malaysia in addition to supplementary less developed nations. The six locales in the scaffold comprise alterations in exterior organizational aspects, (which are competitive surroundings and highly developed manufacturing expertise), internal aspects (specifically, configuration and strategies), management accounting implementations and routine. In attaining the research aims, a quantitative study design was assumed involving the employment of a mailed review to amass data from different sorts of production industries in the world. Management accounting involves numerous techniques of making decisions that need the conversion of all costs of operating and expenses into variable and fixed components. The role of offering this charge

Interview with manager of Not-fo-Profit Organization Coursework

Interview with manager of Not-fo-Profit Organization - Coursework Example Under-performing branches of the Salvation Army unable to procure adequate financial donations or those unable to sustain their expenditures are shifted under the jurisdiction of the colonel Officer to create turnaround strategies. Black indicated that his role in management accounting consists of determining new and innovative food distribution networks and also establishing local partnerships with various vendors that supply in-house materials for homeless services. At the Salvation Army, it is not cost effective to maintain an in-house transportation fleet, therefore the majority of Black’s daily activities include supply chain contractual bargaining with vendors. Strategic leadership at the executive level provides the colonel with quarterly projections related to the budget whereby Black must determine how best to allocate resources in a variety of operational areas. These areas include, along with homeless services, administrative services costs, food and recreation, inter-office technologies coordination, and educational systems procurement. It is a highly diverse position offering opportunities for business travel and one that is highly visible in various governing boards at the organization. The most interesting research results achieved that were associated with the Salvation Army and its organizational mission was the depth to which psychology is utilized as part of regular communications between mid-management team members and lower-level support groups. Officers in the Salvation Army are trained in a variety of psychological theories, especially foundational ones such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Social Learning Theory. The Salvation Army believes that individuals being helped by the variety of services available lack fundamental securities associated with physiological needs and self-esteem development. Therefore, communications processes between managers and serviced individuals are highly strategized. They are trained in

Public Relations Situation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relations Situation - Assignment Example They could also sound offensive depending on choice of words used in relation to the culture of the target audience. It should be noted that cultural diversity encompasses differences in language, religion, beliefs, social aspects, race and ethnicity as noted by Chia and Synnott (2009). Some of these factors are easy to change and some are not. This means that the public relations professionals should be able to adjust to the cultural aspects of the various audiences of an organisation. Grunig and Toth (2006) explain that they should be able to demonstrate an awareness, understanding and sensitivity to their cultures and interactions between the various cultures. It should also be noted that the audience in public relations are more fluid and this requires adequate response to this. This can only be achieved if there is sufficient flexibility among public relations to adapt to a changing world. Effective public relations professionals or departments are those that have recognised and acknowledged the important fact that discrimination is unhealthy for business. They should also have recognised the importance of taking advantage of a multi-cultural communities and how fast this opportunity is growing. Hain (2008) points out that if public relations professionals or departments were to realise this, they would be able to enable their firms or clients to exploit the cultural diversity in their society or target region. As noted in the introduction, situation analysis is where an organisation evaluates the main communication issues it faces. An awareness in cultural diversity increases the competency of public relations practitioners to note these issues and advice organizations on how to respond... The paper makes a conclusion that each organisation has its own expectations, values and beliefs that shape its public relations. Cultural awareness among public relations practitioners is therefore important in ensuring that the messages they give about the organisation responds to cultural diversity while maintaining consistency with the beliefs, values and expectations of the organisation. For example if organization believes in and values a diverse workforce, then the organisation’s public relations department will have more authority to include practitioners from varied backgrounds and standpoints. The paper approves that multicultural awareness increases the professional relevance of public relations practitioners. It also markets them due to increasing demand by many companies to appeal to the local and global multicultural communities. The paper describes the main thing behind variations in culture is differences in perspectives leading to differences in preferences. This makes cultural awareness a critical competency among public relations practitioners and the public relations department personnel. The awareness of cultural diversity increases the professional relevance of public relations practitioners because of the increasing diversity both in the local and international communities. In order to gain a competitive advantage and increase their market shares, public relations firms takes advantage of the growing cultural diversity and targets or hires people of immigrant origin.

International Financial Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Financial Market - Essay Example 008 because most of the investors are big institutions like the pension fund, investment funds, sovereign states, and banks. The sovereign states have significant strategic and economic considerations that inform the willingness to buy the treasury bills (Grabbe, 2006). Additionally, treasury bills are not purchased for their contribution and returns, but because they are the safest method for holding reserves. Although most people believe the risk in the financial system, the investors are ready to accept less return for the protection of reserves (Grabbe, 2006). Task 2: a) Development in the rate of inflation. Inflation in the United Kingdom experienced growth in the value of consumer services and retail sales. The two elements rose slightly during the 6 months of year, but it remained modest. Also, the housing market strengthened continuously. The intentions of investments continued to greatly aim at increasing efficiency, with minimal large expansion capacity underway. Also the m anufacturing exports grew at a moderate level (Dufey & Giddy 2008). In recent months, the output in manufacturing grew for the domestic market. Consequently, there was a modest development in the turnover of business services. The annual rate of construction output declined as the building of houses increased. Generally, the output in the industry changed significantly on previous years. Additionally, the corporate credit conditions continued to improve gradually, but various companies reported the urge to dwell on the non-bank or internal funding. The intentions in employment edged higher over the recent months but were flat for the services of consumers (Grabbe, 2006). Also, the capacity utilisation remained below normal in both services and manufacturing. The labour costs for each employee grew modestly but in stable rates over the earlier months. Material costs’ inflation fell to lower levels and remained in stable conditions for the prices of finished goods (Dufey & Gidd y 2008). The business services prices and manufacturer’s increase rate remained subdues, though the rate of profitability edged high with rise in output. Finally, the consumer price inflation rate remained unchanged. Bank of England Prospects for inflation: The Bank of England has foreseen a sustained output expansion, although the upturn pace is more likely to be tempered by financial crisis legacy. The spare capacity degree is expected to be constant for some time. The economic slack persistence is expected to continue dampening domestic inflation. Although Consumer Price Index is scheduled to remain at 3%, it is more likely to fall to a target of 2% over the prospected

How World Wide Web and Internet Affected Globalization Essay

How World Wide Web and Internet Affected Globalization - Essay Example Social networking has also made the world small and accessible to most individuals, regardless of their location, age, and economic status. The cost of internet connections has become cheap, allowing most individuals, regardless of economic status, to use the internet. In effect, the internet has made it easy for social, economic, and political interactions to be carried out among people from most parts of the globe. In other words, the internet has expanded the extent of globalization. This paper will discuss and critically evaluate the extent to which the World Wide Web and the internet have affected globalisation. This discussion shall start with an overview of globalization and the internet use. A critical discussion on the impact of the internet on globalisation shall follow. Finally, concluding remarks shall end and summarise the discussion. Globalisation and the Internet Overview Globalisation refers to the process of making a phenomenon, activity, or product worldwide in scop e or utilization (Milward, 2003, p. 14). Generally, globalisation is also considered the process of incorporating the world closely with each other in terms of its economics, politics, and culture. The World Wide Web and the internet, on the other hand, basically refer to the interconnected global networks of computers where documents, images, messages, and similar information are transmitted electronically to each other (Bidgoli, 2004, p. 264). The internet is in many ways a tool for globalisation, expediting the process of globalisation and allowing it to reach a bigger population at a faster and more efficient pace. In effect, the internet has significantly impacted on globalisation, allowing for a more comprehensive process of globalisation to be implemented in most parts of the globe. Critical Evaluation Computers and the internet support globalization by providing major changes in the processes of communication, making geographical considerations superfluous elements in establ ishing collaborations and business interactions with other countries and other nationalities (Adam, et.al., 1997, p. 115). Globalized computer technology has also allowed new technologies and social organizations which impact on the effectiveness of businesses and the improvement of lives of ordinary individuals. The impact of globalization, however, is based on people’s understanding of globalization, including its social and economic aspects. Globalization can be seen at the international and national level; infrastructure is also usually established nationally as people often use their telecommunication structures within their countries (Adam, et.al., 1997, p. 116). These structures are crucial to the internationalization processes of globalization and other elements and issues which refer to the international operations of globalized infrastructures. Globalization is made possible by various commercial processes and incentives in the improvement of efficiency; it is also driven by the need to improve the quality of lives of individuals. The internet is a major element of current globalization practices because the internet allows for a wide and open marketplace for information, goods, and services (Adam, et.al., 1997, p. 117). With the advantages of the internet, the globalized marketplace has now made possible the establishment of electronic analogues in financial practices. The internet combines researches and related technologies from various fields and

The Manager as a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Manager as a Leader - Essay Example 1). Another more simple definition by Northhouse (2007) states that leadership is â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northhouse, 2007, p. 3 cited in Clark, 2010, p. 1). These definitions provide a foundation for this report. In this researcher’s understanding, leadership can also be defined as the ability of one person to help another person achieve their full potential. 1 Personal Traits Associated with Leadership According to Clark (2010) a leader must understand who they are, what they know and what they can do. In order to understand these three issues a leader must have confidence in themselves and they must be able to inspire others. The ability to actively listen and to communicate is also traits that leaders must have in order to get along well with their employees. A good leader is also able to inspire others to work towards their potential. Leaders begin by setting the example of what they want th eir employees to do and show what is expected of them. Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt (2011) suggest that leaders must have emotional maturity in order to lead effectively. They define this concept as the ability of the leader to implement basic leadership principles in their organisation. They suggest that emotional maturity comes through knowledge of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence in their definition is â€Å"the ability to perceive emotions† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Some of the qualities that an individual has who is expressing emotional intelligence include â€Å"self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Emotional maturity grows out of having emotional intelligence because emotional maturity is the ability to identify and accept all the feelings and emotions that an individual has and to be able to give a response in any situation. Also, the individual is aware of their emot ions and they know that the emotions are complete. But, the individual is also able to recognise and accept the differences they see in others as â€Å"assets to be valued† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Emotional maturity also has to do with behavioural responses to situations. Behaviour is tied into a person’s feelings, their actions, and their thoughts. 1.1 Motivation and Drive Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has been used in business to talk about motivation. The way that these needs are shown suggest that lower level needs must be met before someone can move to higher level needs. For management, this means that the basic needs of proper wages, adequate breaks, a safe working environment, retirement benefits and job security must be met before higher level needs like recognition, a sense of community on the job and the ability to reach their full potential can be realized (Internet Centre for Management and Business Administration, 2010). Leaders also h ave strong problem solving skills that include the ability to critically think in all situations and decide what needs to be done. 2 Theory X versus Theory Y Theory X and Y are theories created by McGregor. This theory suggests that there are two basic ways to manage people and both theories emphasize a different way of dealing with people. Based on the idea that most people dislike working and would avoid it if possible, the X theory uses a more authoritarian management style (Chapman, 2010). In this theory people have to be forced to work by threatening them with punishment. According to this theory, punishment is the only way to get people to work towards the organisation’s goals. Therefore, the manager who subscribes to this theory would

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal theories Essay - 1

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal theories - Essay Example y Jean Piaget, but most of the work in relation to the application of the theory are attributed to Jerome Bruner, who noted that the theoretical framework of the theory was that learning could be perceived as an active and continuous process. As such, learners involved in the process would develop new ideas based on their past and present knowledge. The basic image of the constructivist theory is that learners are able to discover themselves based on this theory and select and transform information. Subsequently, the theory makes it possible for learners to construct hypotheses out of the contexts of the theory and make constructive decisions based on the cognitive structure of the provided information. The cognitive structure in this sense provides individuals with the experiences required to proceed with the precepts of information obtained (Kincheloe 268-273). The theory, from the basis of constructivists, is founded on the precepts of constructivism, which is concerned with the idea of constructing knowledge for personal gain. As such, its application may take on varied forms. For instance, some constructivists may perceive the theory from the perspective that it relates to knowledge that is not independent; hence, the construction of which will relate to the learner’s experience. This view has often been adopted by the constructivists founded on the argument that the acceptance of constructivist theory would imply the acceptance of the realistic and plutonic views. As such, the knower of a particular knowledge cannot be independent of the knowledge they claim to know. Subsequently, the application of this theory may be explained from the perspective that the understanding of the aspects of knowledge founded on the constructivist theory is based on the social and personal construction of meaning out of a sensation, and applying that knowledge in a manner that would determine the order for the fabrication of the knowledge. Therefore, this theory can be

Google in China Essay Example for Free

Google in China Essay In 2006, China attempted to move away from socialism and declared itself committed to economic reform and to opening itself to the outside world. Expanded personal freedoms for its citizens, however, China still maintained a harsh enforcement of political and religious regulations ? Membership in the WTO put China back on the map as a possible market for Western companies ? Yahoo! first American Internet company to enter China in 1999. Uncensored Internet information was not welcomed by Chinese authorities and government officials immediately implemented rules restricting access to content deemed improper or harmful, and monitored Internet usage of its citizens ? Included many private citizens in their surveillance efforts, and implemented public propaganda campaigns to create atmosphere of fear from reprisal and self-censorship ? Tom MacLean director of International Business for Google Inc. or last nine months; starting to worry about his job security after a storm of criticism resulting from decision to agree to subject Google’s search results to Chinese authority scrutiny ? Felt that he and his team had been mindful of political pitfalls they could face in implementing their strategic plan in China; level and intensity of subsequent backlash and disapproval was unexpected ? Elliot Schrage, Google’s vice president of Global Communications and Public Affairs, efended Google’s censorship agreement as necessary, while at the same time admitting decision conflicted deeply with Google’s core principles, and that it was something they were not proud of ? Congressional hearing planted seeds of doubt in MacLean about Google in China decision. Starting to question if Google was endorsing censorship by conforming to the Chinese authorities’ rules, if Google was acting as a tool for the government, if Chinese citizens were actually better off a fter Google’s decision to enter China, and whether censorship decision did go against their stated corporate philosophy ? Top leadership claim Google’s decision was made based on information currently available at the time; were not afraid to revisit that decision if necessary ? MacLean has only one day before attending a meeting where he would be questioned on the development and implementation of Google’s China strategy and asked for his suggestions for future courses of action ? MacLean under a lot of pressure to act, but his instinct is to stick by his strategy and let it play out a bit longer; hoping that Senate hearing would be the last bit of publicity for a while Problem Identification: (Write in complete sentences from now on) Key Identify major problem(s) and any minor contributing problem(s) ? Google’s launching of Google China and agreeing with Chinese government’s censorship demands has tarnished their reputation and public image (major) ? Lots of bad publicity generated globally; makes them look like hypocrites ? Caught between alienation of a potentially extremely lucrative international market and an ethical dilemma of global proportion ? Company ridiculed for its professed â€Å"don’t be evil† motto; critics blame Google for supporting a country with a regime known for its numerous, well-documented abuses of human rights and oppressive measures; violation of internationally recognized norms (minor) ? What should MacLean say at the meeting to justify his strategy? ? Has it become necessary for Google’s top leadership team to revisit decision in light of new information and circumstances? What should we do? Under a lot of pressure to act†¦. soon Inferences: Key Read between the lines and make some assumptions about the case that re suggested but not explicitly provided (read between the lines) ? Decision by Google to select China as its international target at this particular point in their political and social history is suspect, however, in accordance with their long-term global strategy, they could not pass up such a tremendous opportunity ? Censorship decision was necessary to maintain th eir position as global search-engine market leaders and to fend off advances from major competitors such as Yahoo! (who already have an established foothold in China) and Microsoft ? Capable of weathering out the storm of criticism without major negative financial implications ? In time, entire episode will simply â€Å"blow over† as media moves on to something else ? For long-term gain, worth putting up with short-term pain ? Actions can be justified if given the proper â€Å"spin† ? No irreparable damage has been done to the company’s reputation ? International business risk associated with decision can be managed General Case Ideas: Key Link applicable course material/theory to the case State applicable theory (the â€Å"what†) ? The global economy (Chapter 1, pages XX) Cultural influences on global business (Chapter 3, pages XX) ? Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Market Screening Process handouts ? Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in International Business handout ? Government and political influences on global business (Chapter 4, pages XX) ? Managing international business risk (Chapter 21, pages XX) Make relevan t connections between course theory and the case (the â€Å"so what†) ? There are four major categories of the international business environment that MNCs should consider when deciding on potential expansion markets: 1. Geographic Conditions (climate, terrain, seaways, natural resources) 2. Cultural Social Factors (accepted behaviours, values, and customs; language, education, religion, social relationships) 3. Political and Legal Factors (type of government, political stability, government policies toward business) 4. Economic Conditions (type of economic system, general education level of the population, types of industries, level of technology) ? The two of these that are most applicable to this case are: Cultural Social Factors The more similar one’s own culture is to another in history, language, religion etc. , the less difficult it is to conduct business in that society. But when societies differ on most of these characteristics, the potential for difficulty grows exponentially. For most American businesses in China, this potential is very high. There will be innumerable, unforeseen challenges, even when there is an honest effort to learn about and understand China and its people. When doing business in China, many cultural and social considerations must be addressed. Political and Legal Factors China has been under the communist party rule for many decades. The communist party exercises absolute power over legislations and economic and cultural institutions. Unlike western economies where the government promotes transparency for doing business, in China rules and regulations are not so transparent. Strict laws and patents in economies of the west protect domestic and foreign businesses, whereas in China, the legal system is loosely defined, giving rise to various loopholes in the law. When doing business in China, many political and legal considerations must be considered. Conclusion and Recommendations: Key Suggest specific and implementable solutions to solve identified problems ? Maintain status quo regarding decision †¦but go into damage control mode ? Hire an internationally-experienced and renowned public relations firm to present the situation in a more positive light (â€Å"spin doctors†) ? Counter bad publicity by using the media to your advantage. Issue a series of press releases arguing that it would be more damaging to pull out of China altogether; address criticisms directly and clearly explain the rationale of your decision ? Argue that censorship is necessary to keep the Chinese government from blocking Google altogether, and that Google can play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in Chinas information technology industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market ? Highlight the fact that Chinese authorities have restricted citizens to opular search engines such as Altavista and Yahoo! in the past, and that while removing search results is inconsistent with Googles mission, providing no information at all would be even more inconsistent with their mission ? More public visibility of Yahoo founders Page and Brin as well as CEO Eric Schmidt. Delivery of consistent message through carefully orchestrated television and print ad campaigns and appearances a t national and international industry forums ? Alter public perception through increased promotion of Google’s philanthropic work ? It is not Google’s job to fix governments but to provide the best service to users and the best return possible to its stakeholders. By choosing to do business in China, it is their job to serve the Chinese people in their best, albeit restricted, manner given current political climate ? If we didnt do it, someone else would have ? Emphasize that censorship issues are not restricted to China and that Google also had to do similar things in Germany as well as in their own home country to meet legal requirements ? Stand together as an industry. Enlist rival’s assistance with similar issues and common interests. Get Bill Gates, billionaire founder of Microsoft, to stand up for arch-rival Google and argue that state censorship was no reason for technology companies not to do business in China. Get Gates to issue public statement that the Internet is contributing to Chinese political engagement, as access to the outside world is preventing more censorship ? Close its China offices and abandon market

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay

What Is Impression Management Children And Young People Essay In this chapter, we will be discussing about the historical background of impression management, followed by the definition and scope of impression management. There are different metaphors that used to describe people that use impression management tactics. According to Shakespeares As You Like It : All the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players , he compares the the world to a stage and life to a play, literally means that our life is just a drama only. However, Shakespeare only interpreted it as a theatrical analogy but not a sociology theory. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by  Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.   Thus, the theatrical analogy was being transformed into dramaturgy, a method of analyzing social interaction as if the participants were performing on a stage. Dramaturgy  is a  sociological  perspective starting from  symbolic interactionism , and commonly used in microsociological  accounts of social interaction in everyday life. Erving Goffman (1922-1982), arguably the most original American theorist of the second half of the 20th century, the metaphor of life as theater is rich in meaning. He saw all human interaction as, in some ways, very much like a grand play. He was not, however, as concerned with sweeping generalizations about the human condition as he is much more concerned with the particulars of daily life-the micro-level interactions between individuals that, when taken together, constitute the human experience. At this micro level, he argues, the world is much more like a stage than we commonly realize. Goffman stated that it is impossible to discuss peoples selves abstracted from their social situations. He writes, This self itself does not derive from its possessor, but from the whole scene of his action. . . this self is a product of a scene that comes off, and not a cause of it. The self, then, as a performed character, is not an organic thing that has specific location. . . [the individual and his body] merely provide the peg on which something of collaborative manufacture will be hung for a time. And the means for producing and maintaining selves do not reside inside the peg. (Goffman, 1959, pp. 252-253) Thus, the fundamental unit of social analysis is not the individual but rather as the team ,which is responsible for the creation of perceptions of reality in social set-tings. A peoples action is always depending upon the situation and the people, yet we could not really observe or even find out the deeper heart of a person. While Goffman (1959) applied dramaturgy as a tool for smooth interactions, the theory then changes into a more application forms. Some social psychologists like Edward Jones labeled dramaturgy as serving more specific purposes for impression management. Impression management is rather a applied sociology theory that emphasis on the strategic such as gaining power and influencing others. During the 1970s, the impression management perspective became very popular among laboratory-oriented experimental social psychologists and in the mid 1980s, more organizational studies emerged to use the impression management framework. Most empirical studies on impression management concentrate on the situational or individual factors that influence a certain impression management behaviour or tactics that affect outcomes like promotions, performance appraisal ratings, and career success. What is impression management ? Impression management is defined as the process by which people attempt to influence the images that others have of them (Rosenfeld, Giacalone Riordan, 1995). According to sociologist Erving Goffman, men and women are like actors, which perform in front of everyone (audience) to attract their attentions.They use their experiences as a script,to deal with daily activities. Usually a script contains of basic information that people stored in their mind like the persons involved, the situations and the meaning of a scene. Without a script,the situation might become chaos,and the actors behavious might become chaotic as well.When people engage in social intereactions, it is known as performances. The performance consists of a combination of verbal and non verbal behaviours, influenced by actors interaction motives. In the next chapter, we will be discussing more about impression management behavior. Impression management behaviours In this chapter,we will discuss about different types of impression management that exist,followed by Jones and Pittmans (1982) impression management taxonomy. According to Leary and Kowalski( 1990) there are two types of impression management behaviours:verbal impression management behaviour and non verbal impression management behaviour.Non verbal behaviour contains expressions like smile, yawns, and etc that can reflect the feeling of the actors without the use of words. Whereas for verbal impression management behaviour,it is defined as the opposite of non verbal behaviour because it involves the action of the actors to influence the others. Verbal impression management can separate into 2 categories, assertive impression management and defensive impression management.. Assertive impression management is a tactic that to reveal a favourable image on the other. It also further divide into 2 sub-categories, that is other-focused (making sure that the target feel good about himself) and self-focused (aim to himself to make it seems that he has a potential skill and posses a good qualities on others). For defensive impression management, it is mostly used to repair or protect ones image. Jones and Pittman Taxonomy E.E Jones was the first sociologist who investigate the social behaviour. He believed that the Ingratiation has the largest power to influence other people in order to increase their attractiveness of themselves. Jones and Pittman later developed another 4 classes of self-presentation strategies that will mainly engage in our daily life in order to influence the others. There are: Intimidation, Self-promotion, Exemplification and Supplication. Ingratiation The most common and most studied impression management tactic is ingratiation. It is also known as attraction management . According to Jones, ingratiation is a process where the ingratiator find out what the audience finds attractive in an individual and then provide it to them. It is widely used by everyone in our daily activities.People engage in ingratiation to enhance their own actual power in a relationship. Ingratiation can be a successful way of influencing others if it is used wisely. Intimidation People who engage in intimidation try to gain social power by being feared. The intimidator try to convince his target that he is dangerous. By doing so, he will gain respect from his targets. Intimidation is most likely to take place in working field, family, school and etc. Self-promotion Unlike ingratiation who want to be liked, self promotion focus more on being competent.The actor usually focus more on specific skills that they have, such as playing a musical instrument to attract other people. The self-promoter wants to convince others and portray an image of competence among everyone.The aim when using this strategy is usually an immediate one such as getting admitted into university or getting a new job. Exemplification The ingratiator wants to be liked, the self promoter wants to be seen as competent, the intimidator wants to be feared, and the exemplifier wants to be admired and respected.He wants to be seen as disciplined and honest Usually the exemplifier always come early at work or takes work home everyday.They want everyone knows that they work hard and engage in self sacrifice.By doing so, the others will feel guilty because they are not the same as the exemplifier. The target will somehow support the exemplifier by doing the same thing sooner or later. Supplication The last self presentation strategy would be supplication. It is a strategy where someone exploits their weaknesses.The supplicator tend to seek help or sympathy from others. Usually it is used by those handicapped people, who cant perform daily activities normally. Supplication is the opposite of self promotion. Based on daily realities, critically discuss how lectures, parents, politicians and artistes engage in impression management. In this chapter, we will discuss in details about the question of this assignment (which is stated above). Artistes As we mentioned in previous chapters, everyone engage in impression management in their daily lifes, especially the artistes.There are three types of strategies artistes use to manage their impressions, they are ingratiation, self promotion, and supplication. Most of the artistes use ingratiation tactic to attract their fans. Artistes do it through make up, wearing provocative clothes, expensive jewelries to portray a healthy look. This gives a fake image towards the public on the attractiveness of the celebrities. For example, Nicole Kidman will not step out from her house without any make up. Imagine if the fans see their idols real look without any make up, they might feel surprise and disappointed, and this might cause them to support another artist instead of the original one. Thats why we always see the artistes in heavy make up or beautiful clothes, but never see them in normal looks. Besides ingratiation, artistes also use self promotion strategy when engaging in impression management. Artistes do it by promoting themselves and portray an image of competence among them. This will show the difference between the celebrities. They want the audience to recognize them for the skills, not only their physical appearance. For instance, Tom Cruise is one of the most well known male actor in Hollywood. He might not be as handsome as Brad Pitt, but his unique acting skills made him as the best male actor in the past 10 years. This proves that physical appearance is not the only tool to survive in the artistes world, but also the unique skill that each artist possesses. In addition, artistes also use supplication strategy to manage their impression. As we all know, Michael Jackson was found addicted to drugs during the 1990s.He admitted taking Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the child sexual abuse allegations made against him, and painkillers actually were prescribed to soothe excruciating pain that he was suffering after recent reconstructive surgery on his scalp. All the fans were shocked and upset when they found out about that. They cant accept the fact that their idol has been on drugs for so long. Some fans were disappointed and refused to support him anymore. However, he admitted the mistakes and acknowledge that should be punished. He pleaded the fans to forgive him for his silly mistakes.In the end, the fans forgive him for drugs abuse and continue to support him.If he did not apologize to his fans, the situation might changed. Conclusion In this assignment, we have a clearer picture about the background of impression management and the definition of it. We also understand that there are different types of impression management strategies that we use in our daily activities. The main purpose for this assignment is to study about the different ways to engage in impression management by different individuals with different roles. Artistes, politicians, lectures, and parents are the targets for this assignment. By using Jones and Pittman Taxonomy, we can understand how the targets manage their impressions in daily activities. Different people will use different strategy to manage their impression, but their goal is the same: attract attention. To conclude, impression management is very important to all of us. We need it in our daily activities. Everyone wants to make a good impression when we are communicating with other people. A good impression is very important because we will never get a second chance to make a first impression. UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE ACADEMIC YEAR: 2012 OCTOBER 2012 TRIMESTER ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course Title : INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Course Code : UAPS2003 Tutorial group : Tutorial 3 Title of assignment : Impression management Due date : 14 November 2012 Students Name Students ID No. Course Year and Sem Parents Parents usually are the one who having most of the time get in touch with their children. Hence, it is not peculiar that parents usually use some kind of impression management on their children. Children, on the other hand, will be influenced by their parents, in order to be disciplined or becoming a well-mannered person in the future. Thus, showing that impression management is the important part in this field for educating children. Parents usually use 3 types of impression management on them, there are Ingratiation, Intimidation and Exemplification. In terms of Ingratiation, parents usually behave friendly in front of their child. Even though they are working at outstation, leaving them alone or sending them to the guardinator to take good care of their child, they call them once a week in order to get in touch with them, building a good rapport with them, no matter how far is it. Some parents even buy some material stuff to their kids as their compensation of time. They shower their children with love and harmony, awarding them by taking them to fun-fair whenever they done something correctly or scoring a good results. Besides, when the children feel unhappy to a certain kind of things, like feeling not happy with their teacher in daily school experiences, parents will become a good listener, listen to their story or experiences and find a solution for them. All in all, parents will be able to win their childr en heart, and in return, children will treat his/her parents back nicely. Ingratiation shows that parents use their positive side of themselves to influence the children perception in the front stage. The next impression management is Intimidation. This kind of impression is simply regarded as the opposite action of the Ingratiation. As we known, Ingratiation is type of the impression in order to get people attractiveness, whereas for Intimidation, it is kind of the impression that make the surrounding feel scary and dangerous. Parents also using this type of impression towards their kids. Parents, usually father uses his air of authority to educate their children in those days and nowadays as well. This situation has made the surrounding very scary and children will feel the sense of danger towards him. Consequently, children dare not against to their parents in the future. Even though when children come to the rebellious stage, they also dare not tone loudly against their parents. This seems much effective than Ingratiation in order to educate their children. Intimidation shows that parents using their negative side of themselves to influence/fear the children in the front stage but at the back stage, they are very caring for their children. The following impression management is Exemplification. This is a kind of impression that a person sacrifices himself in order to influence the other people so that the target will feel guilty and tends to changing his/her bad behaviour. This usually happen on parents in educating their children as well. For instance, when parents saw their children throw rubbish in the public without intentionally, they will pick up the rubbish and throw it into a proper thrash in front of their children, or whenever the parents saw others doing so, also picking up the rubbish and throw it in a proper way, in front of children of course. This has made children guilty that littering is a bad behaviour and they start to change themselves, by not repeating the same mistake again. This shows that parents setting a good example in front of their children in order to instil a good morale values on them. In china, most parents are very poor. They usually work as a farmer and yet they want their children to have a further studies on overseas to get a proper degree. Thus, in order to fund the education fees, they worked very hard and even sell off their valuable things like the land or their house as well to let their children to study. This is also a kind of impression management in parents engaging to their children, sacrificing themselves and making their children to feel guilty if they do not study hard to get a proper degree. Lecturer Impression management refers to the individual intentionally or unintentionally influence and control others formed their own impression. Appropriate impression management helps individuals and others to establish good interpersonal relationships, even attracting the attention of others, and then pull nearly the distance between. Therefore, if lecturer can grasp of teaching impression management strategies, will help to attract the attention of students and learning focused, directly or indirectly, to enhance the students learning motivation and effectiveness. Goffman said that Everyone has their own performance to others; everyone is always trying to keep a proper impression in social contexts, in order to get a positive rating. Everyone has a set of face-saving or face saving strategy that face work. The impression management tactics of lecturer use is ingratiation, intimidation and exemplification. Ingratiation is the strategy use to influence others, in order to increase their own personal attractiveness. How do we choose to show ourselves, by increase our personal appearance? By clothes, darker clothes to convey authority and lighter clothes is produce a friendly image. Do not wear the excessive jewellery and open-toed shoes. Besides, most of the lecturer uses shaping good teaching in order to enhance teachers social status and importance enhance communication between schools and parents. Lecturer emphasis the influence of their background behavior, try to understand student subcultures, establish a positive self-identity, in order to shorten the spatial distance between teachers and students. Lecturer unauthorized use of ingratiation strategies to enhance students interest in learning, to create a sound and stable self-identity of students. Intimidation, the use of coercion is to show the behavior itself is a dangerous man, and caused a horrible impression to others, to accept each other for fear of control, so as to achieve their own ends. Most of lecturer given quizzes and practice in the class to supervise students concentrate in class, understand students learning. Students feel afraid to take quizzes and practice in the case of an unpredictable. This situation helps students to increase their concentration. For those their attendance rate is lower than 80% in each subject, examination not allow as their punishment. Students will attend their class and do not absence randomly. For those who full attendance, bonus marks will give as their rewards. Exemplification, model strategy use refers to behavior for those who show outstanding moral behavior, designed to lure followers exemplary. The core of the strategy is to make others agree with the behavior, in order to win the respect of others, and to increase its own influence to the lofty impression of integrity and behavior. If lecturer is fair and equitable, students were more likely to trust the teachers, actively participate in courses. Score is in your hand, however you decide, not for me to decide, let students know the score in their hands, and openness their result. Respect is important, if teachers respect the students, the students also felt seriously under mutual respect with the teachers, the students learn the effect will be better. Do not quibble over or any contempt and crumbs attitude, if you give him a face embarrassment, may be the next time he not come to class anymore or sleep at there, what ever you talk, he not listen also. If students can feel the enthusias m and sense of responsibility of the teacher, students take the initiative go to class and take part of actively in class. In conclusion, the teacher can directly or indirectly affect the students, but also has the responsibility to make good profit to the future with a variety of ways to enhance students learning motivation and effectiveness. Therefore, as a teacher if the proper use of impression management can promote human interaction of teachers and students to improve the students attention and interest of lectures, with the love of learning contexts, and thus effectively improve learning outcomes. Politician Do you ever ask yourself why the politician is always full of cheers of support from the audiences in his or her political speech? Recently in 6 November 2012 of the United States President Election, Barack Obama managed to win the election and be able to serve for his country for four years more. It is partly due to the high support from the people of United States. However, we may notice that an election is always full of political talks. Therefore, politician will take their opportunity to give their point of views in order to get their supports and build up their reputation. Without doubt, the phenomenon of dramaturgy and the application of impression management can be easily seen in politics. Many of the politicians have their own family and of course they perform differently in different situations. For example, a politician will perform as an ambitious and inspired leader in front of the mass people. On the other hand, politicians will behave to be mean and aggressive to the member of the opposite party. Moreover, they would not behave what they are in politic towards their family members and their beloved. It is then obvious that the behaviors of politicians are dependent to the situations, and the application of impression management is tremendously important to the politicians. Most importantly, what strategies should politicians adopt in engaging impression management? First, most of the politicians use ingratiation tactic as their strategic in politic. The Tactic of ingratiation is to make one politician more liked and attractive by the others. So politician will sometime find out something that attract the peoples attention and provide them something that people really want. They will be considered as caring, responsible and considerate. The purpose of this tactics is to give the good impression to the people and thus the people will support him as a politician. Dato Sri  Haji Mohammad Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak  (born 23 July 1953) is a  Malaysian  politician who has been the sixth  Prime Minister of Malaysia  since 2009. Recent time, our Prime Minister Najib have establish many policies that benefit all Malaysian. As Malaysia is a multicultural country, 1Malaysia Campaign was established by the Prime Minister on 16 September 2008. 1Malaysia Campaign put emphasis on ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance. Furthe rmore, Najib also introduced the Government Transformation Program (GTP) to increase quality, skill and transparency in public service and the government. Specific measures include the use of Key Performance Indicators to measure the performance of officials and agencies and National Key Result Areas to define goals for specific areas of public policy. Najib also develop a  New Economic Model  that will speed Malaysias transition to a high income country. The plan will emphasise ways to increase the income and productivity of workers by encouraging knowledge industries and increasing investment from overseas. Moreover, politicians also engage intimidation tactic towards their political enemy such as the representative of opposite member, terrorists and others. Sometimes the politician stands their point of view very much and they hope that thing can process according to what he says. So they will use this strategic to fear the people and thus achieving what he want. It may be unusual to see in a democratic country because the politician will definitely dont want to lose his supports, but this can be widely seen in the some dictators of underdeveloped countries such as the last dictator of Libya- Muammar Gaddafi. In some how they want to scare the people from preventing them to overthrow his idea and rule. One example that can explain this tactic is the famous Munich Agreement that happened in 30 September 1938. Munich Agreement,   (September 30, 1938), settlement reached by  Germany, Great  Britain,  France, and  Italy  that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland  in western  Czechoslovakia.  As Hitler continued to make inflammatory speeches demanding that Germans in Czechoslovakia be reunited with their homeland, war seemed imminent. Neither France nor Britain felt prepared to defend Czechoslovakia, however, and both were anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost. With lots of effort, the Britain and France were able to persuade Hitler to have a meeting. However, Two Czech representatives were only allowed to sit in the room next door. Afterward, Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations. Finally, the German army was able to conquer Czech without having a war. It is clear to show that Hitler applied tactic of intimidation and fierce impression towards his enemies made him able to achieve his goal. Furthermore, self-promotion is vital for politician because they want to show the capability in doing this. From this, they will get support and then continue in making contribution to the society. During the election, we can always see many politicians go to their election area to shake hand with the voters and even giving a political speech. The main purpose of these moves is to promote oneself and gain vote from the people. One of the examples of this impression management is the fireside chats of Former President  Franklin Roosevelt. They were called fireside chats because fireside chats because when you chat by the fire, you feel calm and relaxed, just like what the fireside chats were intended to be like. People could sit at home and listen to the president speak.  President Roosevelt talked the nation on the radio about various issues during his presidency. On that time, fireside chats were broadcast every Sunday night. He spoke of plans such as creating jobs for the unemp loyed. He gave hope when people needed hope.  Consequently, he gained great support from the people of The United States that made him elected more than two times. Self presentation/ Presenting the Self In self presentation, we are the actors and the others are the audience and vice versa on other people perception. Generally, all of us will try to display the positive side of us and hide the bad images of us. This can be mainly seen in our daily life experience. For instance, we would dress up nicely when we dating with somebody else, laughing with other people although it was a bad joke, and try to pretend a good listener although knowing that it was a boring story. So, just ask ourselves, does this scenario has destroy our true identity on pretending the others although knowing that something is not going well. The answer is NO because all of us are applying the Goffmans principle of role distance, the separation of outward performance as well as inward performances. Therefore, we may outwardly perform a nice, smiling face but inwardly scolding and cursing them instead. Outward performance is similar to the actor does onstage and the inward feeling is comparable to what the actor does on the backstage. Goffman hence uses this stages to his theory in analysing the self-presentation, dividing into frontstage and backstage. In front stage, people present their selves in ways expected for the others, like audience. On the other hand (backstage), starts to reveal their true identity, showing no concern for the audience. Frontstage performance is not necessary consider as dishonest or making fool on the others (audience), but it can be perform better if we apply the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy on the front stage and conceal our true identity in the back stage in our daily, it can seems much interesting in order can influence other people perception as well.

Causes of Unrest in Middle East and North Africa

Causes of Unrest in Middle East and North Africa Historians and philosophers, political scientists, economists, and sociologists are trying to identify the root causes of social unrest and their implications in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa in the end of the first and the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. There are quite a lot of factors serving as the foundation for social unrest in the ME and NA. They are both objective and subjective. The bases of social revolutions are mainly domestic factors, though not without external assumptions. The root causes of the revolutionary upheavals in the Arab world and the Middle East and North African crisis lie in the limited model of modernization, which has led to a disproportionate, extensive and slow development of the region. [1] In January 2014, the Arab world has noted the fourth anniversary of the event, which journalists dubbed as the Arab Spring . Indeed, at first, the world started to witness iconic events occurring in the region, where the resignation of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, who ruled the country since 1987, on January 14 2011, launched the cascade known as the domino effect. Later, on the 11th of February 2011 the fall of Tunisian president was followed by the most sensational resignation of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, who ruled the country since 1981. In combination with the removal of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi (who ruled from 1969) on the 20th of October 2011, events of the Arab Spring began to be perceived and interpreted as signs of radical changes in the entire Arab region, and more broadly within the whole Islamic World[1]. The nomination of main slogans demanding the democratisation of public institutions of government had a dual effect on the countries of the region. Firstly, the spring tide having swept away a number of Middle Eastern regimes, still failed to overthrow the most powerful outposts of authoritarianism within the region[2]. These authoritarian outposts are personified by Arab Monarchies of the Persian Gulf[3], who happen to be traditional allies of the USA. Reluctance to initiate the reforms for the liberalisation of the regime led to them being discredited in the eyes of the global community as well as the indigenous peoples of the region. And secondly, the events of the last decade, beginning with the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq[4] have led, in combination with crisis of power in Egypt and Syria, to the elimination of the political culture and institutions of the Middle East, by knocking out the traditional heavyweights† of the Middle East: Iraq, Egypt and Syria. All of t hese events together resulted in the emergence of activity of those labelled as outsiders by the Arab world. These non-Arab outsiders are primarily Iran and Turkey. The failure of the revolutions to lay foundation for new Political, Economic and Social institutions has been replaced by simple â€Å"reshuffling of spheres of power and influence. And in Iran, a â€Å"green movement† has been chosen as an alternative path[5]. Throughout the course of the revolution, there were strong expectations that the Middle East was entering a period of democratic development[6], which was said to achieve all of the attributes of a free civil society, which had for so many years existed in Western countries. However, further advancement of the situation in the region has led to an increase in the influence of supporters of critical perception of the nature and probable consequences of this rebellious movement not only for countries of that region, but also for the whole system of modern international relations. Western experts have increasingly highlighted the ambiguity of this phenomenon for the fate of the entire region, by agreeing on the fundamental reshaping of the entire system of balance of forces†. This choir is particularly dominated by the notable work of Efraim Inbar, an Israeli expert and his work The Arab uprisings and national safety of Israel.According to Inbar, all what is happening in the regio n, will not deliver any positive outcomes in terms of stability and regional security[7]. Despite the secular influence of Western culture, none of the Arab States managed to build a stable, democratic society, based on the ideas of civil liberties, political rights, a system of universal education, gender equality and economic development. The democratic elections in Lebanon in 2005 and Palestine in 2009 brought to power of the Islamists, indicating that the imperfection of the civil society in the Arab world. The most dangerous version of the situation under the influence of the Arab Spring and according to Inbar, there will be an emergence of nuclear Iran, who may ultimately win some time to complete work on its nuclear program and put the global community fait accompli. This may result in a chain reaction when other countries region will aim to commence the development of their own nuclear programs, seriously complicating the national security of Israel, which as of now is the o nly nuclear Power in the conflict-laden region. Activation of Iran on the foreign policy arena after the uprisings is not accidental. Behind its activation lies the influx of huge amounts of Petrodollars, rising anti-American sentiment in the region caused by frankly failed policies of the United States, the rise to power of an ambitious and eccentric leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Irans implementation of its own nuclear program, which turned into a personification of Iran’s power revival[8]. Hence the interest of specialists and politicians on foreign policy doctrine of modern Iran, where it states that it is based not on the principles of national interest but rather the principle of Islamic solidarity, rooted in the teachings of Imam Khomeini, in relation to the Islamic revolution. Thus, consideration of ideological concepts of Imam Khomeini in interpreting the current leader of the Islamic Revolution (Rahbar) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, should help understanding and explain ing the steps taken by Iran during the reign of the current President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[9]. The analysis of these concepts will help to forecast future foreign policy initiatives of Iran with its aim to resolve the intra-regional problems. Analysing the statements of Khamenei on reasons which caused the revolutionary events in the Arab world, it is crucial to highlight the fact that such uprising were labelled in Iran as Islamic awakening, emphasizing the specificity of a theoretical framework, where Islam is seen as the foundation. Whereas the term Arab spring has not found support among the Iranian ruling elite, as it was associated with a distinct national colour and the secular character of the movement. Thus, Khamenei, addressing a speech to the delegates of the 1st International Conference of Islamic awakening on the 17th of September 2011, said: This awakening has led to more movement among the peoples of our region and caused several uprisings and revolutions which could not be foreseen by the dominating regional and international satanic powers. It overthrew authoritarian and imperialist tyrannical regimes[10] and under such he meant the Ben Ali regime in Tunisia, Hosni Mubarak in Egypt[11], Muammar Gaddafi in Libya. Analysing the reasons for their failure, he thus highlights the background of the beginning of the Islamic awakening. Khamenei calls the fallen aforementioned regimes as American puppets, and this, in his opinion, is one of the main reasons for the anti-government protests in these countries[12]. The Social explosion occurred precisely in those Arab countries where government accountability measure and respect for human rights was below average in the Arab world. In Yemen, Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Libya. And in Libya, this ratio was almost zero.[13] However the Political Arab spring, to which so many hopes were pinned in the beginning of 2011, resulted in a bloody drama, destroying many of revolutionary conquests of Arabs in the 20th century. Libya became crushed and practically ceased to exist as an independent state. Islamists seized power and are now trying to impose their rule and solve all of the problems in Egypt, Yemen and Tunisia. They threw an open challenge to the Government of Syria, unleashing in the country a bloody and destructive civil war in order to transform this ancient Arab state in something they have already transformed Libya to. In Syria, there are as of now about 200 thousand militants fighting[14]. There are more than 8 thousand men leaving the country monthly, and their total number, according to According to the UN reached 1 million. Events in Syria, no doubt, influenced what is happening in neighbouring countries Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan. And it is not surprising that from these countries there has b een an influx of Islamic militants to Syria. Syrian issue becomes equally important part of the Middle East crisis, on par with the Palestinian problem. Since the end of social upheaval in the Arab countries of North Africa, there have been some major changes. The time limit for deep historical and philosophical generalizations about events in these countries is yet insufficient. However, economists, political scientists and politicians who are guided by intelligence and analytics for the time period of 3-4 years believe it is more than enough to draw some conclusions on the effects of social unrest in the North African region. It is safe to say that the social unrest in countries North Africa had a dramatically negative impact on the development of their economies, although not equally. So, if in a more modernized Tunisia GDP growth in 2011 in comparison with 2010 decreased by 4%, from + 3 to 1, then in Egypt fall in GDP in the same period was more pronounced from +5 to -3%. GDP of Libyan economy, as of February 2012, decreased by more than twice. Adverse economic consequences of social upheaval in the three North African countries has witnessed rising inflation. According to the IMF in Libya, it reached 40% in Egypt, 12 and in Tunisia, 6% per year. Depreciation of money, in turn, has led to the fact that, for example, Egyptians began to put less money on deposits. Banks are also deprived of the flow of money and fearing the increased risk, they began to give loans at higher interest rates. As a result high interest rates on loans have become unaffordable for the majority of Egyptian businessmen. Social instability in North African countries significantly reduced foreign direct investment. For example, in Tunisia, they decreased by 25%. In 2011, Tunisia had gone 120 foreign companies, and this has led to the disappearance of 40 thousand. Jobs. The sharpest drop recorded in Egypt from 2010 to 2011 .: with 6.4 billion. Dollars. 0.5 billion. Dollars. In Libya, the results even more impressive with 3.8 billion. Dollars. to almost zero [10]. Social upheavals in North Africa led to a significant reduction in thei r foreign exchange reserves. For example, Egypts foreign exchange reserves at the beginning of 2011. accounted for 36 bln. dollars. However, after the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, they began to decline at an increasing rate in the first half of $ 1 billion dollars per month, and by the end of 2011. Monthly expenses of foreign currency reserves have doubled. By January 2012. Egypts foreign exchange reserves fell to $ 15 billion dollars. Social unrest in the North African countries and had a negative impact on the stock markets. Thus, the index of the Egyptian stock market since the beginning of 2011. fell nearly 48%, losing 32 billion. dollars. The Egyptian stock market was the most impaired in the world after Greece. It grows in North Africa and the budget deficit. In the same Egypt in fiscal year 2012 it was 9% against 8.1% a year earlier. According to the Tunisian and Egyptian entrepreneurs business climate has worsened in all three North African countries after the social upheaval in them. Recurrent strikes in Tunisia and especially in Egypt, paralyzed the normal course of production activities. Workers everywhere are demanding higher wages. The result of social unrest in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya became an active redistribution of property, which was previously in the hands of clans. Tunisia sees intensive redistribution of retail chains. In Libya, exists a struggle between the companies and mobile operators in Egypt are divided into trade and transport companies, and service enterprises. In all three countries there is a process of redistribution of real estate. Social upheavals in the states of North Africa had a very negative impact on the development of tourism industry. Indeed, in Egypt overthrowing Mubarak’s regime affected the share of tourism whichrevenues accounted for 12% of GDP. Already in 2011. Egypts tourism sector has missed 3 billion. US., and in fact it involved about 10% of the 85 million inhabitants of the country . Social unrest in Egypt in early 2011. and the removal of Mubarak from power in general weakened the rule of law in the country. This is particularly evident in the unprecedented growth in Egypt of crimes and violence against foreign tourists. This kind of excesses led to a sharp reduction in the influx of tourists to Egypt from Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries. Social upheavals in Tunisia and Libya of 2010-2011violated the close and mutually beneficial economic and social contacts between the two countries. Like This, trade between Tunisia and Libya was until 2011. 2 billion. USD. Per year. About 800 thousand. Libyans were treated annually in Tunisia, in turn, about 200 thousand. Tunisians working in Libya. Arab revolutions in North Africa largely paralyzed the state apparatus. For example, civil servants need not only higher wages, but also the dismissal appointed under previous regimes managers whose place they do not take themselves off. Same old heads in fear of the possibility of dismissal try not to take responsible decisions, in order to avoid accusations of fraud and corruption. One of the important political consequences of social unrest in countries of North Africa is coming to power, particularly in Egypt and Tunisia, of Islamist forces. After the victory in the parliamentary elections Tunisian and Egyptian Islamists have committed to domestic policy principles of democracy. However, the alarming fact that in addition to the moderate Islamists in Tunisia in the face of the party Ennahda[15], and in Egypt MB[16], seats in parliament were also obtained by pretty active Salafis. United States of America and Israel are concerned especially with the statements of some representatives of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood calling for the need to review some articles Camp David agreements concluded in 1979 between Egypt and the Jewish state. However, in an official statement of the organization of Muslim Brotherhood emphasized that Egypt still respects the signed treaties and agreements. Thus, the causes of social unrest in the Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East at the beginning of the twenty-first century are rooted in many factors, both internal and external order. On top of acute internal socio-economic and political problems that could not be solved in the post-colonial period, further externalities were imposed in the form of the global economic crisis of 2008- 2013 and contradictory processes of globalization. In my view, the role of external factors in the formation of the objective prerequisites of social upheaval in the Arab States was minimal, but subjective quite significant. The consequences of the Arab revolutions now appear to be more as a negative, not only in economic, but also political and social spheres. As the events of July 2013 in Egypt show[17], the post-revolutionary consensus among the main political forces in this country did not come to a consensus. There are, however, hopes that authoritarian leaders who remained in power for long and not only in Middle East, but also in other countries of the third world, will learn from the Arab revolutions and will conduct periodic rotation of political elites from above, without waiting for the process to be executed by its citizens from below. Bibliography [1] Anderson, Lisa. Demystifying the Arab Spring: parsing the differences between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.Foreign Aff.90 (2011): 2. [2] Stepan, Alfred, and Juan J. Linz. Democratization Theory and the Arab Spring.Journal of Democracy24.2 (2013): 15-30. [3] Gause III, F. Gregory. Why Middle East Studies missed the Arab spring: The myth of authoritarian stability.Foreign Aff.90 (2011): 81. [4] Dodge, Toby. The causes of US failure in Iraq.Survival49, no. 1 (2007): 85-106. [5] Khosrokhavar, Farhad.The new Arab revolutions that shook the world. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2012. [6] Sakbani, Michael. The revolutions of the Arab Spring: are democracy, development and modernity at the gates?.Contemporary Arab Affairs4, no. 2 (2011): 127-147. [7] The 2011Arab uprisings and Israel’s national security // Mideast Security and Policy Studies. 2012. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 95. February http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS95.pdf [8] http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/politics-irans-nuclear-program [9] Morady Farhang (2011), Who rules Iran? ‘The June 2009 election and Political turmoil’ in Capital and Class, Vol. 35. No 1, pp39 [10] http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB71.pdf [11] Tadros, Mariz. 2012.Backstage Governance.IDS Bulletin43(1):62–70 [12] http://www.rferl.org/content/iran-khamenei-attacks-us-israel-worldview/25174663.html [13]http://www.currenteconomics.net/Economic_Research/Two_Years_of_Arab_Spring312.htm [14] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html [15] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15442859 [16] http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/14/gerges.muslim.brotherhood/ [17]http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10158922/Egypt-in-crisis-July-4-as-it-happened.html

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe and the Protestant Work Ethic Essay

Robinson Crusoe and the Protestant Work Ethic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The story of Robinson Crusoe is, in a very obvious sense, a morality story about a wayward but typical youth of no particular talent whose life turned out all right in the end because he discovered the importance of the values that really matter.   The values that he discovers are those associated with the Protestant Work Ethic, those virtues which arise out of the Puritan’s sense of the religious life as a total commitment to a calling, unremitting service in what generally appears as a very restricted but often challenging commitment.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The central concern of Robinson Crusoe’s experiences on the island is work.   The great majority of the text is taken up with describing his unceasing efforts at mundane tasks.   Robinson Crusoe is clearly eager to persuade his readers that he was never idle.   Many of his undertakings may have been futile (like his first big boat, which he could not move to the water), but they kept him busy.   We might wonder to what extent he needs to do all the things he describes for us, like, for example, making bread or living off the produce he creates through his own agriculture.   Is there no natural sustenance on the island which might be obtained with less labor?   What about fishing?   Wouldn’t that be easier?   He tries it and has success, but he doesn’t stay with it.   Why not?   Surely, given the topical nature of the island, he doesn’t have to labor so much?     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Questions like this miss the point.   Robinson Crusoe is a tribute to work, and the overwhelming message is: God has put us on this world to work.   That, in effect, means directing our energies to transform the world around us, to shape it to our will, t... ...ing it with a secret kind of pleasure (though mixed with my other afflicting thoughts), to think that this was all my own, that I was king and lord of all this country indefeasibly and had a right of possession; and if I could convey it, I might have it in inheritance, as completely as any lord of a manor in England.   (101) The language of this quotation is interesting.   He admits he takes pleasure in his accomplishment, but there’s a sense of guilt in the admission (he has to remind us that he also has afflictions).   And he frames his feelings of satisfaction entirely in legal terms (â€Å"indefeasibly,† â€Å"right of possession,† â€Å"convey†).   What stimulates his satisfaction is not the accomplishment or the beauty or the sense of his own proven skill, but the sense of legal ownership.   He has gone from a castaway to the equivalent of an aristocrat.   

Minor Characters in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Minor Characters of Jane Eyre All the minor characters who appear in the novel, Jane Eyre are only sketched in, so to speak. They are "flat"; not developed in the way that the central three characters are developed. All of them are conventional; behave and speak conventionally, and do not develop at all. They are set merely as foils for the central characters, and they tend to be extremes or stereotypes, behaving very predictably and not surprising us with any unexpected reaction. Some of the minor characters who parallel aspects of Jane's character, like Maria Temple and Helen Burns, are idealised - made to seem saint-like. others, who contrast with Jane, like Georgiana Reed and Blanche Ingram, are grotesque in order to emphasise the difference between them and her.They become, in effect, symbolic and their excesses or virtues sharpen the contrast with Jane. Georgiana and Eliza Reed are described by JE as "feeling without judgement"(Georgiana) and "Judgement without feeling" (Eliza) - both are drawn by CB to show the results of each type of excessive behaviour. JE herself has to fight to preserve the balance in HER character between Judgement and feeling - the Reed sisters therefore provide an indicator as to what happens if the balance goes wrong. Blanche Ingram is a woman without scruples or morality - haughty and proud - very beautiful and priveleged - she is nevertheless shallow and intellectually inferior. She is a warning shadow to JE, who is soon to be faced with the temptation to give in to her passions and embrace the shallow life of a courtesan, when Rochester pleads with her to go to the continent with him after the "wedding". The more virtuous minor characters serve the same function, standing as moral or spiritual beacons to which Jane may aspire, but may not ever reach. Maria Temple - the charitable schoolteacher is both an example and a warning. She can and does serve as a role-model for Jane, but she is also a powerless female - having to answer for her independence to a wrathful Mr Brocklehurst, and having no real authority when he is on the premises. Her position is servile and inferior and she submits to it. JE later will break this pattern at Thornfield, in her dealings with her employer, but ironically her habit of submissiveness is gained as a direct result of association with Maria Temple.